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Finnyards Ltd has delivered the first multipurpose icebreaker and is building another for the Finnish National Board of Navigation. This new type of vessel has a hull form which combines the functions and requirements of an icebreaker with an ocean going offshore vessel with good sea keeping properties. The new vessels are used as icebreakers on the Baltic Sea in winter and are chartered to the Norwegian Ugland Offshore AS company in summer/autumn to be used for cable and pipe laying plus other offshore operations on the North Sea. The vessels have two azimuth propulsion units of 7500 kW each and three bow thrusters. A fully redundant dynamic positioning system has been installed on the ships for accurate track/position keeping.

A summary of Venezuela's capability in important marine affairs is made for the GOOS (Global Ocean Observing System) program. The following topics are discussed: Venezuela's marine data acquisition from commercial ships the performance of its coastal marine and weather stations including its sea level network its national efforts for catching hydrographical and biogeochemical parameters (the CARIACO project and the MORROCOY agenda) the data coming from its buoys and XBT lines its satellite data facilities its coastal radars its research vessels its marine services etc. A new proposal favouring the development of Venezuelan national weather forecasting (VENEHMET) is also described. It is concluded that a lack of integration of national efforts has hindered Venezuela in its contribution to GOOS and other projects in this field.

The concept of an Electrical Power Control and Monitoring System (EPCAMS) relates to the overall control and monitoring of marine electrical power generation and distribution system. The EPCAMS concept is becoming increasingly important as efforts are made to further reduce staffing levels on Naval vessels as the concept of the Electric Ship is adopted and as advances continue to be made in computing technology. Royal naval power systems are looked at. Developments in grey ships and commercial power management systems are outlined. An EPCAMS overview is provided. Developments in naval vessels including the Electric Ship and EPCAMS of the future are discussed.

NAVOCEANO's (The Naval Oceanographic Office's) collects processes and distributes products and data to the DOD (Department of Defense) and other national and international customers. Past methodologies are discussed. This is followed by the much-improved present capabilities survey systems and resulting products. Firstly the IDMS (Integrated Database Management System) which was introduced in 1994 to provide management of ocean data; secondly the High-Performance Computing Center which was established in 1995; thirdly the T-AGS 60 PATHFINDER class multi-purpose oceanographic survey ships which were introduced in 1996 to allow 'one-stop shopping' in the coastal and deep waters of the world on-board processing and high-speed transmissions for rapid characterisation of the marine environment. The innovative and advanced technological developments NAVOCAENO is planning to help meet future challenges are also highlighted.

International Conference held in London 14-15 November 1989. 17 papers are: The perspective of the ship designer The role of the powerplant in enhancing the military effectiveness of combatants Progress on noise and space reduction of power transmissions for naval ships Water jet for naval applications The impact of gas turbines on naval ship Powerplants for military AUVs Progress on hydrogen and oxygen generation Throughflow calculation for a ducted propulsor operating in a thick boundary layer The TF40B; a new workhorse for the US Navy Cycloconverter controlled variable speed alternating current propulsion for warships A radical reassessment of the design of uptake and downtake systems for marine propulsion engines is providing new methods to optimise weight cost reductions against performance levels The impact of information technology on propulsion machinery surveillance and operation Design evolutions for marine gas turbines.

Lloyd's Register is due to publish a new set of Rules and Regulations for the Classification of Special Service Craft (the SSC Rules) in late 1996. They have been influenced by developments in national and international legislation advances in high speed craft technology and economic and environmental impact of this type of craft. The rules cater for high speed craft light displacement craft and yachts with overall length of greater than 24 metres covering mono-hulls multi-hulls such as catamarans wave piercers surface effect ships (SES) and small waterplane area twin hull craft (SWATH) foil-assisted craft air cushion vehicles (ACV) rigid inflatable boats (RIB) and provide a basis for approving novel types of craft. Materials of construction considered include steel aluminium alloys and composites; the rules also provide the basis for the classification of craft built from alternative construction materials.

The North East produced coal, iron, steel and ships on an unprecedented scale in the decades before the Great War, a time at which it acquired its persistent image as one of the world's great export-driven industrial districts. However, the North East was far from being a single and unified region, and its constituent towns and rivers often worked in fierce competition with one another. This book examines these tensions from a variety of perspectives, building a new picture of a place that seemed so uniform from the outside, while maintaining an intense localist particularism in its politics, institutions and economy. The development of the coalfield and the riparian manufacturing districts moulded new industrial landscapes; the growth of ports and conurbations demanded innovative approaches to government and administration; and the business strategies of North East entrepreneurs challenged conventional boundaries. The author concludes that riverside districts, on the Tyne, Tees and Wear, represented more viable working horizons than any 'regional' North East in this era, and raises important questions about the study of the English regions in their historical context. Dr GRAEME J. MILNE is a Researcher at the University of Liverpool.

The Strait of Malacca is a narrow 805 km-stretch of water between Peninsular Malaysia (West Malaysia). In 2003 there were just over 150 attacks on vessels (about one third of the global total). The number of attacks continued to rise and in July 2004 the Malaysian Indonesian and Singaporean navies stepped up their patrols in the area. There are also some 34 shipwrecks dating back to the 1880s in the TSS (Traffic Separation Scheme) the channel for commercial ships. These pose a collision hazard in the narrow and shallow Strait. The purpose of this research is to understand oceanographic phenomena around the Strait of Malacca estimated from satellite data. The SWH (significant wave height) and sea-surface wind speed data obtained from AVISO were used. As a result the accuracy of the satellite data was validated (SWH: RMSE=0.62 m wind speed: RMSE=1.4 m per second)

Operational problems exist in the bulk carrier industry both for competent and substandard operators. Problems for competent operators include: local overloading due to cargo being wrongly distributed in a ship; block loading when two or more adjacent holds are heavily loaded; high loading rates; cargo torque which produces twisting of the ship when cargo is not loaded symmetrically around the centreline; ballast changes at sea; disposal of cargo residues; and poor loading manuals. Operators of substandard ships have all the above problems plus others two of which are the use of inexperienced poorly trained and possibly incompetent officers and lack of authority for the ship's master. It is concluded that an important objective should be to ensure the adoption of sensible regulations and procedures to ensure that vessels are designed built and operated as safely as can be achieved.

During the last ten years thin plate panels have been used increasingly to reduce the structural weight of ships. The arc welding parameters have been increased in order to increase productivity. Unfortunately this has often caused distortion on the thin plate panels which is induced by the straightening process. These distortions are expensive although necessary to correct. A simple procedure is described which uses a numerical method to evaluate verify predict and prevent the three- dimensional welding effects (deflections and stresses) on thin welded assemblies and to look forward to the optimisation of the design and fabrication parameters at both stages of any new shipbuilding project. Data and results tables appear on pages 668-669.

Stiffened plates are the basic structural building blocks of many onshore and offshore structures where high strength to weight ratio is a major criteria dictating design. The behaviour of stiffened plate in the elastic region is well understood. In recent years there has been renewed interest in estimating plastic response of ship structures. The new IACS Polar Rules for Ships contain plastic limit state models of frame capacity. Those limit states were analytically derived using relatively simple energy methods validated by finite element analysis. This paper examines an expanded range of frames and uses a technique called DOE (design of experiments) and non-linear FE (finite element) analysis to examine the plastic capacity of frames. The results are compared to the IACS Polar Rule limit states. The paper may serve as the basis for discussing an update of the Polar Rules. The paper also provides owners designers or regulators with a methodology to examine a wide variety of alternative plastic designs within a broad design space.

Following the introduction of podded propulsors into the marine industry the market demanded a rapid increase in size of the units from a few megawatts to where they are now in excess of 20MW. Such an increase led Lloyd's Register to undertake a major research programme into the loadings experienced by these propulsors and the way in which they are reacted by the individual components. In addition much emphasis was given to the practical problems of achieving the design intent both at the time of building and subsequently through life. The results of this work were used to update the Rules originally published in July 2003 and in developing a system of survey procedures which embraced the practical problems of initial manufacture and assembly as well as drydocking maintenance activities. This paper in conjunction with two further papers published elsewhere on the hydrodynamics of podded propulsors and another on the philosophy of developing Rule formulations for ships driven by podded summarises much of this work.

A step towards the important goal of applying practical CFD tools to ship hull optimisation is presented. An extremely simple CFD tool is used to define 'optimised' monohull ships for which the total (friction + wave) calm-water drag is minimised. The friction drag is estimated using the classical ITTC friction-drag formula. The zeroth-order slender-ship approximation is used to estimate the wave drag because the exceptional simplicity of this calculation method (no nearfield-flow calculations are required) renders it ideally suitable for optimisation. 'Optimised' hull forms that have the same displacement and waterplane transverse moment of inertia as the classical Wigley hull taken as the initial hull in the optimisation process are determined for three speeds and for a speed range. Optimisation for a speed range is found to be more preferable than optimisation for a single speed. The initial hull and the hull optimised for three speeds are shown together with the corresponding total-drag curves within the speed range 0.2 is less than or equal to F is less than or equal to 0.5.

The most recent improvements and application of the Simplified Collision Model SIMCOL are presented. This model was developed for the rapid prediction of collision damage in probabilistic analysis. IMO's ongoing transition to probabilistic performance-based standards requires the ability to predict the probabilistic environmental performance and safety of specific ship designs. Current IMO regulations use pdfs (probability density functions) to describe the location extent and penetration of side and bottom damage. These pdfs are derived from limited historical damage statistics and applied identically to all ships without consideration of their structural design. They do not consider the effect of structural design or crashworthiness on damage extent. SIMCOL provides a means to correct this deficiency. SIMCOL's ability to predict probabilistic damage in real world collision scenarios is demonstrated by its application to two reference tanker structural designs and comparing it to the IMO damage pdfs. The comparison is excellent when the struck ship is a single-hull tanker consistent with the single-hull MARPOL tankers represented by the IMO statistics and because of the physics-based models used in SIMCOL it is reasonable to extrapolate this performance to today's double-hull tankers.

Periodical dry-docking and close-up inspection of tankers has long been an established regulatory requirement in the monitoring of the health of the tanker's hull structure. Although this is considered 'representative' of ships' reliability the embedded reliability level is not generally known. While simple extrapolation tools based on historical measured thickness data have been used by many to predict future corrosion and to assist in hull maintenance pooling of data across tanker fleets has not been widely attempted. In addition HGSM (hull girder section modulus) has long been regarded as a more realistic representation of hull girder strength than mere thickness readings. Such an attempt by ABS using gauging records of several hundred tankers is described. The as-measured structural member thicknesses are used to calculate the HGSM loss. Statistically the pooled data suggest that HGSM loss may best follow a Weibull distribution. Weighted regression analysis is used to obtain the mean values and standard deviations of the HGSM loss and the then the corresponding Weibull parameters are calculated. The result of this study could be used to investigate time-variant reliability of tanker hull structures.

Seventh symp held 24 - 27 Sept 1984 in Bath Papers are Multivariable control of a hydrofoil Vertical and horizontal plane control of SWATH ships SWATH vertical motion control using a frequency domain multivariable approach Optimal design of digital propulsion control for the Spanish Carrier SC 175 - Associated trends Canadian patrol frigate machinery control system The practical considerations of designing a microprocessor based control and surveillance system Design aspects of a submersible steering control system Ship steering control systems modelling and control design One approach to the on board weather routing and its coupling to the optimum steering control Bad data - how to detach it and how to handle it Failure safe design and maintainability of modern automation A present day view on software reliability Vehicle navigation guidance and control The control system test vehicle A track following control system for an autonomous underwater vehicle Design of propulsion control interfaces for effective operator responses to system malfunctions A modern machinery control console for warships Human engineering evaluation of a digital machinery control console

The objective of this paper is to apply a methodology aimed at the probabilistic capsize assessment of two naval ships: a frigate and a corvette. Use is made of combined knowledge of the wave and wind climate a ship will be exposed to during its lifetime and of the physical behaviour of that ship in the various sea states it is likely to encounter. This includes the behaviour in extreme wave conditions that have a small probability of occurrence but which may be critical to the safe operation of a ship. Time domain simulations provide the basis for deriving short-term and long-term statistics for extreme roll angles. The numerical model is capable of predicting the 6 DOF behaviour of a steered vessel in wind and waves including conditions that may lead to broaching and capsizing.

More than 50% of Norway’s total VOC emissions come from shuttle tankers which transport most of the Norwegian crude oil production. In order to reduce its VOC emissions substantially new technology must be developed. A project is described where two ships are equipped with full-scale VOC recovery prototype systems (of two different kinds) for testing and long-term operation. One of these prototypes is the ‘VOC Fuel system’. The recovery system is based on liquefaction of VOC by compressing and cooling with subsequent storage and use of VOC condensate as fuel for propulsion. This transforms the pollution into a clean form of energy and in a quantity comparable to that which is needed for the vessel’s operation. The background to this is presented together with the technical concept performance and experience from VOC recovery and VOC fuel operation.

This volume covers the majority of descriptive work in the syllabus for naval architecture in part B of the Department of Trade examinations for First and Second Class Engineers. It is complementary to volume 4, Naval Architecture for Marine Engineers, in the series. The book is not intended to be comprehensive but to give an indication of typical methods of construction. It includes chapters on the following: ship types and terms; stresses in ship structures; sections used: welding and materials; bottom and side framing; shell and decks; bulkheads and deep tanks; fore end and after end arrangements; oil tankers, bulk carriers, liquified gas carriers and container ships; freeboard, tonnage, life saving appliances and classification; and miscellaneous other things such as insulation, fire protection, corrosion, fouling and examination in dry dock.

The threat to US maritime security is considered. Oceanographic and hydrographic research ships are ideal targets from the perspective of pirates and-or terrorists. Their slowness proximity to coastline and the fact that they are often stationery and constrained in their ability to manoeuvre contribute to their being ideal targets. Additionally as quasi-public-vessels with considerable visibility they may represent tempting symbolic targets to groups with a political agenda. Attacks against research vessels while infrequent are not new. Piracy in general has been a 'growth industry' with clusters of attacks against merchant vessels occurring in a few notable geographic regions with alarming regularity. The present state of war existing since the September 11th attacks on the US along with the prior in-port attack on the USS Cole require that a number of operational assumptions be examined as research vessels are dispatched on scientific hydrographic