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Attention is given to the influence of fabrication imperfections and in-service damage and degradation on reserve strength. Uncertainties in strength models for design are highlighted. This report presents recent advances and possible future trends in ultimate strength computation methods for ship and offshore structural components and their system structures. The report comprises 9 Chapters. Chapter 1 presents the aims and scope of the Committee. Chapter 2 presents the fundamentals of the ultimate strength behaviour of structural components and system structures. Chapter 3 outlines the recent trends of regulations and international standards. Chapter 4 presents the mechanical properties of materials used to build ships and offshore structures which are necessary to compute the ultimate strength. Chapters 5 and 6 survey recent research and developments in the ultimate strength computations of structural components and system structures respectively. Chapter 7 presents the sources of uncertainty associated with ultimate strength models. Chapter 8 discusses the results of benchmark studies on the ultimate strength computations of stiffened steel-plate structures using nonlinear finite element analysis (FEA) methods in which the effects of various parameters of influence are investigated. Finally Chapter 9 presents the Committees concluding remarks and recommendations for future study.

With the increase of the importance of the safety and environmental protection at sea safety is a core design factor of maritime systems. Safey is defined as a precieved quality that determines to what extent the management engineering and operation of a system is free of danger to life property and the environment. There are many possible ways of dealing with the safety of ships. The rule-based approach is most commonly used in ship design. However there are many drawbacks to assure the safety objectives for a new ship marine systems. This paper aims to investigate a systematic and rational approach to achieve the safety objectives of new ship in design process. Risk-based methodologies including FSA (Formal Safey Assessment) and their applications to maritime systems are reviewed. Based on principles of systems engineering and risk assessment a process of safety assessment in ship design is established and proposed.

While sea-transport is an international industry operating in a global network which should therefore be regulated and managed on an international basis a persistent demand has arisen for regional intervention. Several issues explain why this may be so and show that regional standards are already a fact of life and not just an option. The Exxon Valdez incident in Alaska the "Ships of Shame" report from Australia and the losses of the Herald of Free Enterprise and The Estonia all led to regional activity in sea transport as a result of perceived failure of international regulations. After a general consideration of regional activity Shetland's policies and attitudes in this matter are discussed in detail.

The Safety Management Assessment System (SMAS) is a process to help identify and evaluate the safety characteristics of marine systems (offshore platforms marine terminals ships) with primary emphasis on Human and Organizational Factors (HOF). SMAS has three components - 1) an assessment process 2) assessor selection criteria and training plan and 3) an instrument (computer program) to conduct store and report results. The SMAS process consists of three phases - a) in- office evaluation of information b) system visits (walk-downs) and c) final review and assessment. This paper details each of these three components and summarizes the process of applying SMAS to marine systems.

Conf on Safety at Sea & Marine Electronics held at Ramada Inn London 25-26 April 1990 Papers are Environmental protection through safer navigation Ship inspection effected under the Memorandum of Understanding on Port State Control A tanker operator's safety policy The implications of Marpol Annex V The salvor's contribution to reducing pollution through the new Salvage Convention The role of the Marine Pollution Control Unit of the Dept of Transport in the UK response to pollution at sea The operation of offshore standby ships Survival training needs in the light of Piper Alpha IMO legislation to enter into force before 1994 Measures to improve ship safety to meet today's operational requirements The safe lashing of cargo and its effect on RORO safety GMDSS and other safety communications

SAVIUS a system to evaluate the vulnerability of naval surface ships is being developed by the Italian Navy and Cetena. The system has four modules. The ship module defines and manages the physical characteristics of the ship. The system module describes the ship's systems in terms of vital component characteristics such as position on-board and logic connection. The damage module defines the offensive weapons and carries out deterministic propagation of their damage effects on board. Internal and external air blast fragmentation shock and gas bubble effects from underwater explosions are considered. The analysis module studies the probable hit distribution of each weapon and processes the results from the damage module. This allows the feasibility of a defined mission to be determined and the vulnerability of the vessel to be established. SAVIUS will be a valuable design tool for verifying and comparing different solutions to operational effectiveness in terms of minimising damage from a weapon attack.

There is some evidence that a growing role in ship accidents is being played by the human element largely resulting from the additional stress caused by reduced crew numbers manning ever more sophisticated ships. The impact on capital and operating costs is looked at. Stress and substance abuse is considered. The solution of introducing drug and alcohol screening certification is proposed and this programme is described. The effect of this deterrent is discussed with it being considered successful. Other ways to improve the situation include changes in operating modes more intensive training and counseling.

There is a broad variety of HSV (high-speed vessels) in use with very different physical features. The vessels differ in the way in which the weight is supported. Stability is of prime importance for HSV. The many different instability phenomena that can occur are how they depend on the forward speed need to be recognised. Ship speeds above 50 knots are when cavitation typically starts to be a problem. Three hydrodynamic aspects of HSV seakeeping stability and manoeuvring are considered for surface effect ships hydrofoil vessels semi-displacement and planing vessels. The increasing importance of a broad spectrum of stability phenomena with increasing speed is emphasized. The danger of cavitation and ventilation is pointed out. The very different physical behaviour in waves of the different types of HSV are discussed. The manoeuvring analysis must consider six degrees of freedom at high speed. Physical parameters influencing the hydrodynamic manoeuvring co-efficients are discussed.

Recent events including September 11th and the attack on the USS Cole have redefined security needs in protecting both military and civilian vessels as well as the protection of ports from effects of explosives or other weapons of mass destruction. The attachment of potentially devastating devices to the relatively inaccessible external hulls of ships or their placement in berthings represents a significant potential threat. The current methods of inspection by divers or ROVs (remotely operated vehicles) are hazardous manpower-intensive and limited by conditions such as low visibility which is typical in harbour-berthing environments. The application of the CetusII equipped with a high-frequency ahead-looking and side-scanning sonars to the ship hull and berthing inspection missions is discussed. It describes the unique approach to conformal hull following and the adaptation of the vehicle control software to the unique aspects of hull inspection.

Symp held in New York on Sept 30 - Oct 1 1982 Papers are A tanker owners perception of newbuilding costs and prices in Japanese North European and United states shipyards 1971 to 1981 Cheap warships are not simple Ship design in a total transportation framework The finer points of slow steaming Computer - aided design - its application to cost engineering Panel on shipbuilding and ship operations costs moderated The US shipbuilding standards program long-range plan-a realistic approach to reducing shipbuilding costs The economics of ship conversion - comparison of power plant retrofit alternatives Impact of the US flag on shipping costs and productivity Comparative operating for US and foreign - flag ships Technical and financial alternatives for advanced design dry bulk carrier concepts 144000 deadweight ton restricted draft collier design Energy efficient LNG carriers

Piloting and shiphandling is about individual judgements based on knowledge allied to practical experience. The chapters cover basic ship handling (including reducing a ship's speed to manoeuvre and turn around), transverse thrust and turning a ship short round, centre of turn and sideways slip, the effect of wind and other external forces on ships, assessing a ship for manoeuvring, general berthing and unberthing guidelines, berthing a ship using an anchor, berthing and unberthing using tugs, thrusters, examples and calculations to approach a berth, manoeuvring in fog by radar, anchoring a ship, passage planning, port approaches and navigating narrow channels, tug and tow, handling characteristics of different ship shapes, tidal streams, squat, interaction, reaction, drag and grounding, and miscellaneous items.

Conf held in Southampton April 7 - 9 1981 Papers are Aspects of the collision regulations The 1972 collision regulations in practice A R P A - the impact of compulsory fitting on ship operations Alternative tracking philosophies Training for command Navigating bridge management and teamwork Bridge manning and discipline - a pilots view Developments in shiphandling training in the United Kingdom Operational requirements for anchors and associated equipment with special reference to large ships to consider a standard procedure in bringing large vessels to anchor in remote offshore anchorages Weather routing for safety and economy Refresher courses for deck officers The ship and its management accountability Management courses for seagoing officers Training considerations in the carriage of hazardous cargoes at sea Training for the safe operations of gas carriers The training of liquified gas tanker personnel through simulation Training for safe operations - the parcel tanker Fire fighting in ports Ne developments in the presentation and calculation of stability and safe cargo distribution Practical training using simulated situations Discussion papers on all the above

Second Int Conf held in London 5 - 6 Sept 1985 Papers are The international ship repair industry - current structure capacity developments and market prospects The performance of ship repairers - a shipowners views on the inter relationships required to sustain commercial effectiveness necessary for survival Planning modernising and managing a repair yard Manning and operating an independent repair yard to meet shipowners requirements in difficult market conditions Preventative maintenance systems for seagoing ships in worldwide service - an enginebuilders ship to shore performance data and spares/maintenance scheduling scheme Computer based spares/maintenance management systems tailored for the ship operator In situ engine repair developments and the mobile shipyard concept A new technological approach to shiprepairs and services using highly automated drydock facilities The large repair group - challenges solutions and opportunities in a competitive climate Survey developments and the repairer Hull coatings - application and maintenance for improved performance Diesel engine component renovation - developments in techniques and materials/the independent supplier of spares and services Maintenance management by computer

This book is written to guide the student through the various and extensive subjects connected with Shipping, without a deep treatment of the law. Contents include: the shipping company; the shipowner and merchant; the merchant shipper; limitation of shipowner’s liability; bills of lading; carriage of goods by sea act, 1924; chartering and charter-parties; freight; liens; general average; the master; the crew; the ship; Lloyd’s Register of Shipping; ownership, sale and purchase of vessels; ship’s papers and procedure of ships entering and leaving port; voyage estimates; distances; port information; cargoes, stowage of cargo, and cargo information; agents and agency; protection and indemnity clubs; arbitration; definitions and abbreviations.

This book assesses the small-ship fleets of the countries fringing the Baltic, the North Sea and the Atlantic coast of Europe, and reviews the ownership structure, recent and current design developments and the changing composition of those fleets. It includes an examination of the principal dry cargo commodities moved in small loads in international European trade, and identified commercial trends and industry's requirements. In looking at the relative competitiveness of the various fleets, national regulations concerning levels of manning and certification and operating limits are reviewed. The volume incorporates a comprehensive and unique register of small ships, mainly of vessels of up to 6,000 dwt, but also including larger bulkers regularly employed on short haul traffic.

This paper describes the models of redundant systems and dependability of power systems which are redundant engine sets with multi-cylinders for propulsive primemover and power generating station of ships and their running data and designing and manufacturing ones. Two kinds of surveyed data show the average number of generating sets per vessel is between 2.5 and 3.5. The JSRIC database is analysed during more than 7 million propelling hours and four kinds of evaluation indices are obtained. (Please note that the poor English used in this paper makes the content almost incomprehensible.)

The importance is stressed of the UN Convention of the Law of the Sea 1982 (UNCLOS82). New developments are included. Current negotiations to extend UNCLOS82 concern "conservation and management of straddling... and highly migratory fish stocks". Much of UNCLOS82 involves fisheries and protecting the environment. Antecedents of UNCLOS82 are given and the impact of technological changes in the last 50 years reviewed. Tasks carried out by offshore protection vessels and their sizes and types are considered and whether such ships should be warships or government-owned but civilian-manned is discussed.

Recently the load on a propeller has increased due to the requirement for larger and higher speed ships. So the volume of propeller cavitation is increasing and the resulting pressure fluctuation is becoming an important issue. In addition to this the diameter of a propeller is becoming bigger so the distance between propeller and hull is becoming closer. The limitation of tip clearance and an increase in high order pressure fluctuation can cause severe ship vibration and noise problem. Thus the technique enabling prediction and control of the pressure fluctuation induced by the propeller cavitation is required at the design stage. A theoretical study on the source modelling and analysis of pressure fluctuation induced by a propeller is presented. This study seeks to clarify and analyse the source mechanism of the pressure fluctuation induced by a propeller cavitation. Pressure fluctuation on the rigid wall induced by a propeller is theoretically derived based on the time-domain acoustical method. The physical mechanism of pressure pulse at the blade rate frequency is analysed using artificially generated cavitation volume variation. Finally pressure fluctuation characteristics induced by a propeller cavitation are presented.

Ships of opportunity offer year-round data coverage on relatively consistent routes over large areas of the Atlantic. In this study year-round surface nutrient data from the subtropical to subpolar North Atlantic were collected from the MV Santa Lucia and MV Santa Maria which trade between the UK and the Caribbean. Surface nutrients have been collected on these trans-Atlantic crossings since early 2002. This paper provides an overview of the large amount of nutrient data gathered. After some introductory information a look is taken at methods followed by results and discussion. Lastly conclusions are made and further work touched upon.

During the last 10 years IHI have developed a CIM system in which a product model is situated as the core. This is known as AJISAI. IHI have also designed two VLCCs and two Over-panamax-type container ships fully incorporating the AJISAI system. The application plan of the product model is introduced together with the status of arts CIM system in IHI. The features of the latest AJISAI system are introduced. These features are based on the actual application on the ship application examples in the actual ship design and the effects.