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To comply with oil pollution abatement regulations OWSs (oil water separators) are being installed onboard all Navy surface ships. More stringent oil pollution regulations are anticipated. In anticipation of this CDNSWC carried out an influent maximisation test on the Navy's OPB-10NP OWS system to determine its maximum operational capabilities. The influent parameters that were varied are flow rate oil concentration and oil droplet size distribution - that is the basic design parameters of an OWS system which operates on the principle of gravity separation. During the test the effects of the various influent oil concentrations on the performance of the OPB-10NP OWS were determined. Different methods of analysing oil droplet size distributions in oily wastewater samples were also evaluated. The test set up is described and the method of evaluation is described. Test results are presented and discussed. Conclusions are drawn and recommendations are made.

Articles Jaap R Bruijn, 'Seafarers in Early Modern and Modern Times: Change and Continuity' p.1 G B Souza, 'Convergence before Divergence: Global Maritime Economic History and Material Culture' p.17 Huw W G Lewis-Jones, 'Displaying Nelson: Navalism and 'The Exhibition' of 1891' p.29 Hugh Murphy, 'The Health of Electric Arc Welders and the Adoption of Arc Welding in the British Shipbuilding Industry, 1930-1951' p.69 Robert Lee, 'Configuring the City: In-Migration, Labour Supply and Port Development in Nineteenth - Century Europe' p.91 Sabine C P J Go, 'Mutual Marine Insurance in the Province of Grogingen c.1605-1770: A Case of Financial Innovation' p.123 Berit Eide Johnsen, 'Cooperation across the North Sea: The Strategy behind the Purchase of Second-hand British Iron and Steel Sailing Ships by Norwegian Shipowners, 1875-1925' p.151 Joan M Goddard, 'The Rissmuller Factor in North American Shore Whaling, 1900-1912: The Pacific Years' p.171

The paper explains the physics behind the domination of certain orders of the blade-passing frequency harmonics it explains why such frequencies are commonly found onboard ships installed with water jets. Phase-coherent addition is the central issue and a simple theory is found by CFD-studies together with experimental investigations. The water jet pump is tested with two design variable alterations in the most critical zone of the pump (the zone of rotor-stator interaction). The main issue with the paper is to show the mechanism of the blade frequency impacts in terms of increased forces for some overtones.

The ISM codes provides an international standard for the safe management and operation of ships and for the prevention of environmental damage. Additional elements introduced by the ISM code over current legislation include; the SMS (Safety Management System) manual the structured and proactive approach to HSE (health safety and protection of the environment) issues and the encouragement to utilise quality assurance (QA) principles. A comparison is made between the safety case regulations of the offshore oil and gas industry and the ISM code in terms of compliance with standards human factors quality assurance formal safety assessment and auditing. The offshore safety case regulations and associated guidance provide a sound basis to design a SMS manual. Elements of the SMS are: policies organisational structure and responsibilities planning and implementation measuring performance reviewing performance and auditing.

An increasing percentage of new ships is designed with electric propulsion. This worldwide trend and acceptance is now being followed by LNG (liquefied natural gas) carriers with a novel approach to prime movers and the introduction of dual fuel diesel engines. Diesel engines are now capable of using marine diesel oil heavy fuel oil or low-pressure gas as alternative fuel sources making the new generation of LNG carriers economical and environmentally friendly to run. LNG propulsion is also being considered to meet ice class capability in the near future. A detailed description of a current LNG programme power and propulsion system and its technical merits is presented. The design and operation of the various systems onboard is described as well as the rationale behind the design of the medium voltage power plant the propulsion system and the integrated control system.

As naval technology evolves ships will become more compact and the density and power of onboard electronic and electrical equipment will tend to increase. Under these conditions requirements for cooling of electronic equipment may become more difficult to meet especially in tropical environments. The power demands of the required vapour cycle refrigeration may then strain ship electrical power capabilities. MR (magnetic refrigeration) is an emerging technology that uses a solid metal refrigerant. As the metallic refrigerant has essentially zero vapour pressure it is of zero ODP (ozone depletion potential) and zero direct GWP (global warming potential). New designs of magnetic refrigeration have recently evolved that allow the construction of compact and highly efficient devices. A detailed computational model of the rotary magnetic refrigeration design has been constructed. Using this model the COP (coefficient of performance) heat rejection and system mass have been computed for a shipboard electronic cooling application. The cooler module provides 420 W of cooling at 14 C for electronics exhausting heat at 33 C to an external ambient water loop. The combination of reduced power consumption with the absence of highly regulated CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) or HCFCs (hydrofluorocarbons) should become an important driver for this technology in both commercial and naval applications.

A look is taken at the main trends of classification services provided by the Russian Maritime Register of Shipping. First attention is given to renovation. Next consideration is given to the Condition Assessment Program (CAP) environmental protection and improvement of the requirements for icebreakers and ships for navigation in ice as well as mobile offshore drilling units and fixed offshore platforms (MODU and FOP). A look is taken at formal safety assessment reclassification human factor development/implementation of software in the process of document consideration and organization of processes on checking ship design for compliance with register rule requirements using ship information model. Lastly the development of normitive requirements for safety of wig craft is addressed.

Third Int Conf held in London 21 - 23 Oct 1980 Papers are A review of the IMCO standards for procedures and arrangements for the discharge of noxious liquid substances Effective regulation in chemical shipping Regulations - the growing management burden Overflow control - proposals for a linked ship - shore system Explosion hazards and relevant safety measures at vapour recovery plants Safety considerations relevant to shipping terminals for hazardous bulk material Emergency planning in ports Parcel tanker training for an effective endorsement Advances in special training in Norway for personnel on ships carrying liquid chemicals in bulk Chemical tanker training courses in the Netherlands Risk analysis applied to the transportation of hazardous cargoes - some examples related to public risk How safe are chemical tankers? Reciprocal acceptance of tank containers Tank containes in the chemical trades - the views of a tank container through operator Tank containers in Bell Lines "Total Control" intermodal services US regulation of the transportation of hazardous materials in intermodal tank containers A cost benefit analysis for installation of separate deck mounted cargo tanks on parcel/chemical carriers Slops and residue disposal a new approach Developments in cargo pumping arrangements Experience with cargo monitoring systems

The book provides the theoretical and practical rules used in designing marine engines. It also contains drawings and photographs of the more usual types of engines at the time of publication. Only boilers of the vertical type used in screw steamers and boilers in ordinary use are dealt with, rather than special types. Contents are arranged within eight parts, which are as follows: The main engines (including determining cylinder dimensions, main engines arrangement, engine components), Pumps (air, circulating, reciprocating, centrifugal, feed, auxiliary), Shafting, resistance of ships, propellers, Pipes and connections, Steam boilers (firing, cylindrical, locomotive, water-tube, smoke box, forced draught and fittings and mountings), Measuring instruments and Various details.

Contents Atle Thowsen, 'Bergen - A Norwegian Seafaring Town' p.3 Stephen Jones, 'Community and Organisation - Early Seamen's Trade Unionism on the North-East Coast, 1768-1844' p.35 Robert G Greenhill, 'The Royal Mail Steam Packet Company and the Development of Steamship Links with Latin America, 1875-1900' p.67 N B Harte, 'Ree's Clocks Watches Chronometers and Naval Architecture: A Note' p.92 Richard W Unger, 'Selling Dutch Ships in the Sixteenth Century' p.125 Donald Woodward, 'Sources for Maritime History (II): The Port Books of England and Wales' p.147 Jose Maria Martinez-Hidalgo, 'The Maritime Museum of Barcelona' p.166 R E J Weber, 'Sea and Land Mail Services to the Former Netherlands East-Indies' p.173 Alison Grant, 'Round the World in 258 Days: The Voyage of the Bristol Ship Try' p.184 D J Tierney, 'Select Bibliography of Maritime History Published in 1971' p.189 Michael B Wray, 'The Ramsey Steamship Company Limited' p.201

CONTENTS D Woodward, 'Ships, Masters and Shipowners of the Wirral, 1550-1650' p.3 M E Condon, 'Freight Rates and British Transport Service during the War against Revolutionary France, 1793-1802' p.26 G White 'Scottish Traders to Baffin Island, 1910-1930' p.34 M Daunton, 'The Cardiff Coal Trimmers Union, 1884-1914' p.51 M K Stammers, 'The Montreal Ocean Steamship Company's Mutual Benefit Society' p.68 J M Haas, 'Methods of Wage Payment in the Royal Dockyards, 1775-1865' p.99 D J Pope, 'The Eighteenth Century Liverpool Newspapers as a Source for Maritime History (part 1) p. 116 L H Merrett, 'Smeaton's Tower' p.136 L H Merrett, 'A Most Important Undertaking: the Building of Plymouth Breakwater' p.153 B A Fyfield-Shayler and D A Manley, 'Trans-Ocean Rowing Boats and Portuguese Working Craft: Major Collections at Exeter Maritime Museum' p.165

In 1989 the USCG (US Coast Guard) promulgated regulations implementing Annex 5 to Marpol 73-78 which regulates the discharge of 'garbage' from ships. Since then it has become apparent that Marpol 5 an international regime designed for the high seas does not translate into a workable regime for the Great Lakes without some modification for the special problem of cargo residue discharges from dry bulk carriers. Application of Marpol 5 to the Great Lakes by the US has also created an anomaly because Canada has yet to do so in large part because of serious concerns about its application to cargo residues on the Great Lakes. In September 1993 the USCG 9th district put out an interim enforcement policy designed to provide a reasonable balance between the need to protect the environment of the lakes against any possible harm while taking account of the need for safe operation of commercial dry bulk carriers. At the same time in co-operation with the Canadian CG Central Region and the US NOAA the US CG 9th District is developing better scientific information about the possible effects of cargo residues in order to build a scientific basis for a revised regulatory regime.

It is quite probable that not only NOx but also PM (particulate matters) emission from ships pollutes the coastal environment. Therefore reduction of PM emissions should be on the development agenda for marine engines. Though many studies using automobile diesel engines have been carried out there is only a small amount of experimental data on PM emissions. On-board PM measurement work has been underway for some time. In order to establish the PM measuring method at sea experiments are carried out applying a partial-flow dilution tunnel. A new idea about the sampling line is proposed where PM data more insensitive to the dilution ratio could be sampled. Applying this improved dilution system PM emission from four kinds of marine engine were measured burning marine diesel oils. The results showed PM emission to be approximately in proportion to the sulphur content and a relation between PM data and sulphur percentage was derived.

Problems and design parameters of building MEKO modular warships and standardising special modules are described. Five Intelligent Functional Units have been developed since the first vessel was launched in 1981 and now different modules allow for entirely different missions. The introduction of compartment-independent ship's supply systems has significantly enhanced the survivability of MEKO ships. A data bus standardises the data transfer within the combat system. Items covered include aspects leading to modularisation the integration of electronic and weapon modules and their interfaces ship service system modules (ventilation operating theatres damage control units etc) the grid pallet system compartment independence standardisation of data transmission multi-interface computer units (MICE) and data information link systems (DAIL).

In recent years navigational position plotting has been dominated by satellite systems in particular the GPS. With the application of satellite systems the position can be plotted quickly in a matter of a few seconds. However relying exclusively on satellite systems is dangerous. A second autonomous system is required independent of external information sources. These requirements are met by methods of comparative navigation. Methods of computer ship's positioning plotting by means of comparative methods are presented. Selected methods based on registered images and corresponding patterns are presented. Two of these methods use artificial neural networks. The application of GRNN network pairs each of them determining one coordinate of the ship's position allowed satisfactory positioning results to be obtained. Numerical experiments showed considerable resistance of the method to disturbances of registered pictures. The method presented proved its usefulness for working in real time as the delay time of the system is insignificantly small.

The fast development of electronic technology and digital signal processing methods makes electronic devices including sonar systems ones obsolete very quickly. But because the ships and mechanical components of sonars are operational for a few dozens of years it makes perfect sense to modernise these devices by using modern components and signal processing methods and overhaul antenna and mechanical systems. Examples of modernising sonar systems implemented at Gdansk University of Technology are presented. The majority of Polish Navy vessels were built between 1970 and 1990 and equipped with Soviet or Polish made sonar systems. At present work is under way to modernise two anti-submarine warfare sonar the keel MG-322 and towed array sonar SQR-19.

International symposium on 'Mine Warfare Vessels and Systems', held in June 12-15 1984 in London. Papers are: Mine warfare vessels and systems Experience with the design of GRP MCM vessels Swedish development of MCMV-hull design and production The RAN GRP mine hunter - a status report Tripartite MCMV Hydrodynamic investigations of a mine hunter project Design considerations for a ship manoeuvring system as applied to mine warfare operational requirements Estimation of dynamic bending moment for ships subjected to underwater non-contact explosions 20 meter coastal mine hunter with mine sonar and remote control vehicle capabilities Mine identification and neutralisation system developed by the Smin consortium Propulsion control of mine counter measures vessels Mine hunting integrated action information and navigation systems Hull construction of MCMV's in the United Kingdom Aspects of material selection for MCMV hulls.

International symposium on 'Mine Warfare Vessels and Systems', held in June 12-15 1984 in London. Papers are: The Pinguin B3L and Pinguin A1 remotely piloted vehicles for mine identification and disposal The development of minesweeping systems for Finnish waters Monocoque GRP minehunters The BH7 MK.20 amphibious hovercraft in the MCM role Arapaho-applications to mine warfare An auxiliary propulsion unit for minehunters Rudder propellers for propulsion and manoeuvring systems of minehunting vessels Resurgence of mine warfare ships Degaussing for mine countermeasures Hydrodynamics of variable depth minehunting sonar towed bodies The versatile exercise mine system (VEMS) Function analysis of mine- hunting weapon systems Diesel engines for mine warfare vessels, Engines for mine counter measures vessels.

International national and local laws and regulations restrict waste discharges from Navy ships and submarines creating significant space and manning burdens health and safety risks waste offload and disposal costs and worldwide reliance on shore-side support infrastructure. Environmental issues are becoming more acute as the Fleet operates increasingly in littoral areas and in internationally designated areas where environmental constraints are particularly strict. The key to minimising the Fleet's environmental compliance costs and to maximising its operational flexibility is to 'standardise' shipboard environmental systems across the widest range of vessels possible. This will have important TOC (total-ownership-cost) and operational benefits for naval forces. Under the Shipboard Waste Management Program directed at Fleetwide environmental solutions shipboard environmental systems commonality is being maximised through the intelligent incorporation of commercial products and standards emphasis on scalability and modularity and the application of open-architecture design processes.

The performance of many marine propulsion systems is dependent upon the ambient air temperature as this affects the available output power from prime-movers and upon the ambient seawater temperature as this affects the cooling ability of the heat exchangers used to remove the waste heat from the propulsion system. In an AES (all-electric ship) there is generally more equipment in the propulsion transmission chain that requires cooling than is perhaps the case for 'an equivalent' mechanical propulsion system. The design of a cooling system for an AES will tend to be more complex not only because there may be more equipment but also because there are usually a substantial number of power electronic devices that require cooling individually. Firstly the ambient conditions ships encounter are considered. Then a computer-based thermal modelling package is described that has been designed to analyse electric propulsion plant performance with variations in ambient conditions. Results are for a generic electrical propulsion system are presented and discussed.