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Equipment and techniques for assessing the effectiveness of sacrificial anode and for monitoring and controlling impressed current cathodic protection systems in offshore structures are described

At the end of 1992 a need was identified for a floating storage unit (FSO) in the UK sector of the North Sea. An innovative solution to the time problem involved was the use of a submerged turret loading (STL) system combined with a shuttle tanker converted for the purpose. A description of the Aframax tanker and its initial conversion is given. The conversion required compliance with offshore legislation. To obtain the certificate of fitness a vessel survey was carried out and non-compliance items identified. An initial hazard assessment was also carried out and remedial actions discussed with regulatory bodies and implemented. Modifications included those to the helideck lifeboats stores crane emergency lighting passive fire protection fire pump and deluge systems fire and has detection systems and emergency shut-down system.

A general definition of the term 'integrated navigation' is provided. This is followed by a look at LFK95 - fibre optic gyro compass and attitude reference system LSR85 - gyro compass and vertical reference system PL41 Mk4 - inertial navigation systems and NDMS - naval data management system. After this two solutions are presented for sophisticated integrated navigation systems specifically designed for a typical surface ship and a submarine construction program. Both solutions are based on application-specific naval navigation products.

Corrosion and cathodic protection studies were made with mild steel samples in Arctic waters Subsequent work involved simultaneously recording corrosion cathodic protection hydrographic and sea condition data by an instrumented buoy

Corrosion mechanisms reviewed including pitting galvanic stray current active sulphate reducing bacteria crevice selective leaching intergranular impingement erosion cavitation corrosion fatigue

Split electrode and concentric electrode techniques were used to determine the factors affecting under film corrosion of mild steel electrodes with transparent polymer coatings insea water electrolytes Corrosion behaviour was related to coating defectssubstrate contamination mechanical defects of substrate coating thickness and exposure time

The concept of economy through fuel/energy management is discussed with reference to; residual fuel oil quality resulting from various refining processes; determining fuel characterisitics by on-board tests for viscosity water content density pour point and stability/compatibility; fuel treatment and mixing; effects of poor fuel on fuel system components