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Personal experience in topics of significant concern to operators of refrigerated shipping is used to support discussion on: the current use of primary freon refrigerants in the world fleet; problems of leakage phase-out and substitution; statistical analysis of claims against cargo loss according to value date damage and age of vessel; the development of automated data logging for existing refrigeration systems; and the need and means to control relative humidity in some refrigerated cargoes.

Theory and practice of using cathodic protection and paint coatings to protect ships hulls from corrosion discussed including - electro- chemical principles; current demand; protective potentials; throwing power; over-protection; polymers; paint as electrical insulation or barrier sheathing; interation of cathodic and paint systems.

This paper briefly audits marine engineering in the present fleet highlighting major developments of the recent past. The key drivers for the future are then identified and their rationale established. These are set in the context of resource forecasts together with how the Navy sees both the industrial base changing and how the interaction between customer and supplier will most likely develop. Specific technology areas such as main propulsion controls and surveillance damage control and environmental issues are addressed and then developments are suggested and argued.

This paper reviews the present role of classification regarding ship safety and outlines the separate but complimentary rule- making functions of the major classification societies and IMO. It highlights the fact that comprehensive requirements for ship structures and shipboard engineering systems which must be implemented before IMO Convention Load Line Cargo Ship Safety Construction or Passenger Ship Safety Certification can be issued are contained in the classification rules and not in the IMO conventions. The paper poses the possibility of classification by an accredited Society by becoming a statutory requirement by the year 2000.

Some of the options available for reducing pollutants of state-of-the-art MAN B&W four-stroke engines are described. First a look is taken at medium-speed diesel engines and their pollutants. Next 'greenhouse gas' carbon dioxide is considered followed by hydrocarbons carbon monoxide and soot. After this sulphur oxide formation during combustion of sulphur-containing fuels is looked at. Nitrogen oxides and IMO's NOx limit values engine-internal NOx reduction measures (primary methods) package of primary reduction methods adopted by MAN B&W injecting fuel-water emulsion humidification of the intake air and engine-external minimisation measure (secondary measure) are each considered in turn.

Four cognitive support concepts have been developed which should help to handle high-demand situations. These concepts are based on a cognitive task load model and can be realized with a specific method for cognitive task load analysis. The design and evaluation of a prototype user interface providing the proposed support concepts are shown. After some background information a look is taken at the design of user interface. Next evaluation of the user interface is addressed covering method and variables. Lastly results are considered and discussed including methods for cognitive task design and the effects of cognitive support.

Shrinking defence budgets have persuaded the governments of France Italy and the UK to share the common design and development costs for a Common New Generation Frigate (CNGF) under Project Horizon. The industrial participants in Horizon IJVC (International Joint Venture Company) Ltd were Direction des Construction Navales (DCN) from France GEC (with Yarrow Shipbuilders as the main subcontractor) from the UK and Orizzonte SpA (a joint venture between Fincantieri and Finmeccanica) from Italy. The constraints on a collaborative venture of this type are outlined. Industry is concerned that the customer may not be able to afford the additional complexities of collaboration. The symbiotic relationship between industry and customer needs to be recognised.

This paper presents ideas and examples for increasing the safety of ships and their operations while simultaneously decreasing airborne pollution and spillage from ship machinery particularly as it applies to the existing fleet. Methods of reducing exhaust gas pollution are discussed and the impact of reducing ship speed is examined. Levels of particulate and gaseous emissions have been monitored and the results are presented.

As heavy fuels characteristics have been continuously worsening during past years present diesel engine designers have faced combustion chamber damage produced by uncontrolled combustion which can occur with fuels of low ignition quality (characterised by high CCAI numbers). A research programme into ceramic coatings is discussed here and some preliminary results are presented.

The findings of a committee jointly formed by the National Association of Corrosion Engineers and the British Institute of Corrosion Science and Technology to recommend revisions to the NACE Standard RP-01-76 "Controls of Corrosion on Steel Fixed Offshore Platforms associated with Petroleum Production" are discussed Items covered include cathodic protection splash zone corrosion control surface preparation coatings and inspection and take into account the UK North Sea experience

The reasons behind the decision by most major cruise lines to change to electric propulsion are described. In the commercial world the all electric ship was a natural development in the quest to build better performing ships. The problems with medium speed diesels driving a cpp steam turbines driving fixed pitch propellers and slow speed diesels driving a controllable pitch propeller (cpp) are outlined. The different propulsion plant were compared with reference to fuel consumption engine running costs and other issues. The decision by P&O Princess Cruises to use diesel-electric propulsion for Star Princess is discussed along with experience gained in terms of cost weight manpower space savings dynamic performance and noise and vibration.

This paper describes a technique for performing a comparative risk analysis of different offshore accommodation concepts by considering all types of accidents with the potential to cause a large number of fatalities and analysing frequency number of casualties population escape routes etc. The paper shows by example how use of this system can provice meaningful and credible risk estimates.

The results of a joint research project on the conceptual design and and computer-aided optimisation of a high-speed small waterplane area twin hull (SWATH) passenger/car ferry are reported in this paper. The optimisation regarding hydrodynamic criteria has been accompanied by a parametric economic evaluation of the vessel in terms of the net present value (NPV) and required freight rate (RFR) criteria. Both of these values demonstrate the attractiveness of the proposed concept to interested shipowners.

Passenger ships are getting bigger and bigger in a trend which is likely to continue. However although safety is taken seriously by the industry high passenger to crew ratios coupled with the reduction in professional seafarer crew is raising concerns. The view is expressed that new ways of addressing these issues should be sought now and concepts are put forward which challenge historical precedents and current thinking in areas such as the cruise product lifeboat launch systems muster stations passenger traffic flows in emergency evacuation crew training and responses to acts of crime piracy and terrorism. First some background information is given. Next there is a brief section about dealing with the future. After this threats to safety are looked at followed by the new climate for innovation. Concepts of safety are considered. Lastly Securite One is outlined.

A research project has been conducted to establish how knowledge-based techniques might be applied to the design of submarine systems. In this a conceptual design model called SUBCEM has been developed. Firstly a look is taken at the conceptual design of submarines. Next SUBCEM is discussed covering knowledge handling and topology/space utilisation. After this concept variation cases are considered including propulsion object (main electric motor) variation double versus single hull and problem reversing.

Development of and operating experience with a condition monitoring for maintenance determination system designed for the BP steam turbines tanker fleet is discussed System design equipment installation application acceptance by ships staff and future projects are included

The composition benefits and problems of a performance/condition monitoring system for fault diagnosis and performance optimisation are discussed. An integrated engine management system comprising intelligent databases simulation and expert systems would have the flexibility to be adapted for various fault and operating conditions of marine diesel engines.