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Niigata Engineering Co Ltd has developed two compact lightweight high-output high-speed diesel engines V16FX and V26FX which can be used as the propulsion engines for high-speed ships. The stress analysis thermal flow analysis dynamic analysis element tests and performance tests carried out on principal components mainly for the V16FX are described. At maximum continuous output the 16V16FX achieved 2023 kW/1950 rpm (Pme 1.97 MPa) and the 18V26FX achieved 5149 kW/1150 rpm (2.04 MPa). A weight of 2.7 kg/kW was achieved by the V16FX and 4.8 kg/kW by the V26FX.

Over 50 years ago ship owners moved from open water-lubricated lignum vitae to oil-lubricated white-metal stern-tube bearings. White-metal bearings offered a proven technology which improved on the wear life and maintenance of stern-tube bearings. Improvements in material technologies have resulted in a greater choice of materials that can offer improved wear life over that of lignum vitae. Both this and advances in bearing design have lead to the development of hydrodynamic water-lubricated bearings. Thordon Bearings a world leader in elastomeric polymer water-lubricated bearing technology has continued to focus on the design of water -lubricated stern-tube bearings. Subsequently a hydrodynamic water-lubricated bearing design has evolved featuring the ability to remove the bearing elements without removal of tail shaft. This design has been installed and validated on the latest series of Princess Cruises and Disney cruise ships. Thordon continues to carry out research into water-lubricated bearing technology to optimise bearing designs and to extend the wear life of water-lubricated bearings. The development of new-generation water-lubricated bearings is highlighted as a viable alternative to oil-lubricated stern tubes for the commercial shipping industry.

The discussion on operational aspects of WIG craft at the 42nd session of the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) sub-committee on safety of navigation held in July 1996 is described. A discussion of ships' routing and related matters working group on an establishment of ways is also recounted. It was concluded that for the prevention of collisions the ekranoplan is similar to the seaplane or nondisplacement craft and no special provisions or amendments to the COLREGs (International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea) are needed. However special provisions for avoidance may be necessary in the future.

Basic principles of the Dynamic Loading Approach (DLA) adopted by the American Bureau of Shipping (ABS) for the calculation of hydrodynamic loads in ship design and analysis are discussed with particular attention to the concept and definition of its application to fine form containerships and the limitations of the Linear Strip Theory employed to dynamic loading in its failure to predict non-linear extreme loads and motions. The development of LAMP (the Large Amplitude Motion Program) a non-linear three dimensional time-domain approach to motion and loads analysis is described together with its application to the prediction of ship structural response (including hogging/sagging bending moments torsional moments and pressure loads) in severe wave environments. Predictions from the theory are compared with model test data for two fine form ships (a commercial containership and a naval frigate): a typical structural analysis of a containership is also included.

The US Navy is undergoing a major transition from traditional navigation to computer-based electronic charting with complete electronic navigation by 2004. NAVOCEANO (the naval oceanographic office) is supporting this transition with upgrades to state-of-the-art survey ships instrumentation and data processing equipment. It is also increasing its capability to rapidly collect and process hydrographic survey data and to quickly produce new electronic navigational charts in co-production with NIMA. In addition to ensuring safe navigation these new products will include tactical digital overlays for battlespace awareness. A new program is being developed at NAVOCEANO to expand these capabilities. An ECDIS Development Laboratory and NTDC (Navigation Technology Demonstration Centre) will be established (September 2001) to conduct QA (quality assurance) and T&E (test and evaluation) of electronic chart products from NAVOCEANO and other hydrographic-oceanographic data providers. It will also assist Navy ship personnel in gaining a greater understanding of electronic charting as well as increased technical proficiency in properly using these systems to safely navigate. The program is detailed.

The acoustic effects of bubbles can have a major impact on hydrographic operations using multibeam sonars and on the quality of the data they produce. It is well-known that bubble sweepdown(bubbles entrained beneath the hull due to high ship speeds or heavy weather) is a significant problem and means to mitigate the effects are sought. The relevant factors associated with naturally occurring bubbles and their effects on acoustics propagation are reviewed. The characteristics of existing multibeam systems in light of these bubble effects are then discussed. Finally some of the bubble measurement devices and techniques are reviewed with an emphasis on what might be implemented for hydrographic multibeam operations.

Joint Intl Conf held in London from the 29-31 October 1986 Papers are A dry evacuation system Arctic evacuation and survival The helicopter in search and rescue - its potential and its limitations The role of civil helicopters for search and rescue The MoD's contribution to UKSAR Helicopter ditching and survival Sea survival training for the 1990's The need for shipboard training Evaluating testing and approving the marine escape system Physiological aspects of survival clothing Psychological aspects of sea survival Biomedical factors in survival and rescue after helicopter ditching A new offshore rescue system for hostile environments Applications of lighter-than-air vehicles in search and rescue LW SKAD (light weight survival kit air droppable) development program A comprehensive simulation technique for evacuation and sea rescue for offshore installations and ships

The continued development of classification requirements for engine safety is described. Classification Societies implement changes to their Rules to address developing technologies and as a result of feedback from incidents and reports from the use of equipment onboard ships. The incidence and effects of crankcase explosions has led to enhanced classification society requirements for crankcase explosion relief valves and crankcase oil mist detection systems. The background to the new requirements and the issues relating to their practical application are described. An updated analysis of the recorded crankcase explosions from Lloyd's Register's records is included. The continued use of electronic controls for engine operation is another area where Classification Societies have had to enhance their safety requirements. The issues relating to safe and reliable electronic control systems and associated power actuating systems are discussed and the background to Lloyd's Register's new requirements is considered.

The cruise industry is under close scrutiny as to how it manages its environmental issues. The modern cruise ship is a small floating town with all similar environmental challenges. The last ten years has seen many new national and international environmental laws regulations and control strategies. The challenge to the cruise industry is first to understand the complicated array of international requirements and then to manage its operations in compliance with these. The cruise industry must work on policies practices technology and operations that minimise its impact on the environment. The various types of regulatory and environmental protective challenges currently facing the cruise industry are explored together with the steps currently being taken to meet these challenges and the implications they have towards the design of ships of the future.

Biodiesel has been widely used to fuel diesel engines for onshore vehicles particularly for agricultural machinery. It has been recognised as a viable option for environmental protection and rational use of energy resources. Lack of availability and lack of supply chains of the fuel have prevented it from being used for merchant ships. However the use of biodiesel in recreational boats has shown a potential market. Biodiesel is clean environmentally friendly and is bio-degradable. Now its environmental performance and eco-efficiency need to be examined. Current trends and requirements for reporting environmental performance in industry are presented. A brief introduction is given on the use of indicators especially environmental performance indicators and eco-efficiency indicators. The methodology to be used to assess the environmental impact of using different fuels such as biodiesel and fossil diesel in recreation boats is discussed. Different weighting techniques are used to present and evaluate the environmental characteristics of the two fuels' application. Eco-efficiency is demonstrated with the help of cost factors.

The design of most marine systems including ships offshore platforms and offshore wind farms entails the long-term estimation of extreme values of wind and wave parameters. A new method for calculating return periods of various level values from non-stationary time series data is presented. The key idea of the method is a new definition of the return period based on the MENU (mean number of up-crossings of the level x*) method. The whole procedure is numerically implemented and applied to long-term measured time series of significant wave height. The method is compared with other more classical approaches that take into account the time dependence for time series of significant wave height. Estimates of the extremal index are given and are computed for each method bootstrap confidence intervals. The predictions obtained by the MENU method are lower than those of the traditional predictions. This is in accordance with results obtained by other methods that take also into account the dependence structure of the examined time series.

Research on the Norwegian Continental shelf initiated by the offshore industry and the losses and damage resulting from abnormal waves and weather is described. The information is stored in a large data bank which has been used to develop the Heavy Weather Avoidance System (HWAS) Force models that predict drag lift and impact forces on super-structures of ships are presented. Some of the coefficients used in the force models are obtained from full scale sea trials while others are obtained from laboratory experiments. A description is given of The Heavy Weather Avoidance System (HWAS) developed in Norway as a ship response tactical decision aid for ship officers. It was developed to provide operating guidance to minimize severe ship motions in heavy weather and to reduce the risk for heavy weather damage to both cargo and ship structures.

Sailing was been for a long time the only means of ship propulsion at sea. Although the performance of a sailing Bessel is well below the present power-driven ships either in terms of navigation speed and predictability wind energy is absolutely renewable clean and free. Unmanned autonomous sailing boats man show a virtually unlimited autonomy and be able to carry out unassisted missions at sea for long periods of time. Promising applications include oceanographic and weather data collecting surveillance and even military applications. The Microtransat competition launched in Europe in 2006 has been a key initiative to promote the development of robotic unmanned sailing boats. Various regattas have taken place across Europe and the ultimate challenge will be a transatlantic race. An autonomous sailing boat is presented that was developed at the University of Porto Portugal with emphasis on the hardware and software computing infrastructure. This platform is capable of carrying a few kilograms of sensing equipment that can be holed to the boat's main computer also providing support for short- and long-range data communications. Firstly the Microtransat contest as a stimuli for the development of autonomous sailing boats is presented. Then the FASt project is introduced

The level of structure-borne noise in ships depends on the amount of vibratory power transmitted from the excitation sources to the ship structure. In evaluating the transmission of vibratory power the force and velocity needs to be determined at the supporting points of the foundation on which the sources are mounted. The measurement of force at the mounting points between the source and the foundation can cause some difficulties. Expressions for the evaluation of input power to the machine foundation through hard mounts and soft isolators are presented. The methods available to determine parameters in these expressions are reviewed including the machine isolator and foundation impedences. Finally the factors that affect the transmission of power from the excitation source to the foundation and their implications on ship design are discussed.

The aims of the GloBallast BWRA for the Port of Khark Island were to asses and describe as far as possible from available data, the risk profile of invasive aquatic species being both introduced to and exported from Khark Island in ships’ BW, and to identify the source ports and destination ports posing the highest risk for such introductions; help determine the types of management responses that are required, and provide the foundation blocks for implementing a more sophisticated BW management system for the Port of Khark Island; Provide training and capacity building to in-country personnel, resulting in a fully trained risk assessment team and operational risk assessment system, for ongoing use by the Pilot Country, replication at additional ports and use as a demonstration tool in the region.

The Grand Princess is currently the largest passenger ship in the world. Unlike most contemporary cruise vessels she is fitted with water lubricated sterntube bearings. This is new technology as indeed the earliest screw-driven ships had water lubricated bearings but since the middle of this century oil-lubricated bearings have been usually specified because of their greater load bearing potential and lower maintenance requirements. This paper describes the design of these bearings and their installation and how on sea trials they suffered from unexpected and rapid wear. It then shows how a fundamental reappraisal identified the required changes in the approach of the Grand Princess. A final set of sea trials was undertaken using the information which had been gained to optimise successful operation of the bearings.

Conf held in Greenwich on 23 - 24 April 1980 Papers are Trade and shipping patterns in the 1990s Prospects for the liner industry Unctad proposals in relation to the bulk trades Ships of the 1990s and their operation - the impact of fuel cost and technological developments UK merchant navy manpower needs - the case for policy changes Shipping economics with special reference to liner shipping The ports of Great Britain Organisation of sea traffic - notions for the nineties Liner shipping with the USA Development of USSR and CMEA shipping Participation of the developing world in maritime transport The inter governmental maritime consultative organisation The international labour organisation Shipping and the European community Study groups on - Political aspects Energy economics and technology Manpower requirements Regulation of shipping movements Land/sea interface

The design of the Royal Navy's first of three aircraft carrier/anti submarine warfare command ships with its two shafts each driven by two Rolls Royce Olympus TM3B gas turbines through a David Brown reversing gearbox to a fixed pitch propeller is reviewed. The background to the design detailed design process development of models final configuration of main machinery spaces gearboxes lubrication system the shafting system controls and ducting are detailed. Installation difficulties with shipping the machinery alignment of shafts gears and gas turbines and the combatting of scale production by use of demineralised water-to-water lubricated bearings are discussed. Testing carried out over a three year period basin and contractors sea trials and in service experience are described and the Invincible's first year's extremely encouraging performance is considered.

Research is presented based on a fluid dynamic analysis of the submerged parts of a fast naval unit during navigation. The appendages and hull are analysed using the CFD FLUENT code. The results obtained represent important support to a correct ship design based on experimental data. The main goal is the development of a complete methodology related to naval design based on the application of an advanced calculation CFD code. The validity of this method will facilitate the design of more advanced technology in ships in future. The scope of this research is to find which navigation condition can produce the best squatting from a fluid dynamic point of view paying attention to those parameters that influence the ship's behaviour during navigation. Four different models are analysed.

AutoFlux is an autonomous system for making direct measurements of the air-sea exchanges of CO2 momentum and heat. Such measurements are usually restricted to short dedicated air-sea interaction cruises on research ships which last only a few weeks. In contrast AutoFlux was recently deployed continuously on the RRS Discovery for two years and is now currently part of a three year measurement programme on the Norwegian weather ship Polarfront. The instrumentation on Polarfront also includes two different wave measurement systems and digital cameras. The various systems are described and initial results presented.