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ARTICLES Sarah Palmer, “The Maritime World in Historical Perspective” / 1 Gordon Boyce, “Edward Bates and Sons, 1897-1915: Tramping Operations in Recession and Recovery” / 13 Anthony J. Arnold, “National Strategic Objectives, the Interests of the ‘Armaments Ring’ and the Failure of Thames Ironworks in 1912” / 51 Constantin Ardeleanu, “The European Commission of the Danube and the Results of Its Technical and Administrative Activity on the Safety of Navigation, 1856-1914” / 73 Hubert Bonin, “The Complementarities between Merchant Shipping and Ancillary Activities: The Case of Two French Firms, SCAC and SAGA (1880s-1990s)” / 95 Werner Scheltjens, “The Influence of Spatial Change on Operational Strategies in Early Modern Dutch Shipping: A Case Study of Dutch Shipping in the Gulf of Finland and Archangel, 1703-1740” / 115 G. Alan Metters, “Corn, Coal and Commerce: Merchants and Coastal Trading in Early Jacobean King’s Lynn” / 149 Ingo Heidbrink, “A Second Industrial Revolution in the Distant-Water Fisheries? Factory-Freezer Trawlers in the 1950s and 1960s” / 179 RESEARCH NOTES Henrik Sornn-Friese and Martin Jes Iversen, “Incentives, Capability and Opportunity: Exploring the Sources of Danish Maritime Leadership” / 193 FORUM: PIRACY – JUST AS MAN MADE IT David J. Starkey, “Piracy – Just as Man Made It” / 221 Lauren Benton, “Toward a New Legal History of Piracy: Maritime Legalities and the Myth of Universal Jurisdiction” / 225 Fabio López Lázaro, “Predation’s Place within Profit: Pirates and Capitalists within the Seventeenth-Century Rise of Lockean Liberalism” / 241 Matthew McCarthy, “‘A Delicate Question of a Political Nature:’ The Corso Insurgente and British Commercial Policy during the Spanish-American Wars of Independence, 1810-1824” / 277

At a time when there is an increasing demand for lowering diesel engines' exhaust gas emissions the fuel injection system is a key technology. The improvement in emission laws has revealed that a flexible fuel injection system (especially with product features like injection rate shaping free adjustment of injection pressure flexible start of injection pre- and post injection) can safely fulfill these customer requirements. An environmentally friendly combustion is also important for medium-speed engines in marine and stationary applications. Therefore HFO (heavy fuel) engines will need CR (common rail) injection systems with a high degree of flexibility that will dominate the market in the future. For many decades MAN B&W has been developing and producing fuel injection systems for its medium-speed diesel engines. It was only natural to develop the HFO CR technology. The MAN B&W CR concept was incorporated in a long-term technology planning. Besides the emission requirements important safety aspects for marine application were integrated. After the first basic investigations a modular system of components for a HFO CR fuel injection system was developed depending on engine type and size. The novel concept for HFO application finally comprised a single circuit system without additional servo-control circuit and with modular rail segments. By matching the control valve

In offshore engineering applications the random sea surface is usually modelled as a stationary Gaussian process by the linear superposition of harmonic wave components. The water particle kinematics velocity and acceleration in the fluids follow Gaussian distributions under the linear wave theory. Nevertheless the actual sea elevation exhibits non-Gaussian characteristics based on numerous field observations and laboratory tests. The wave non-Gaussianities are particularly significant in a severe sea state and in shallow waters which is a non-negligible factor for the safety considerations of offshore structures. The 1D FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) has been extensively applied to efficiently simulate Gaussian wave elevation and water particle kinematics. The actual sea elevation-kinematics exhibit non-Gaussianities that mathematically can be represented by the second-order random wave theory. The elevation-kinematics formulation contains double-summation frequency sum and difference terms which in computation make the dynamic analysis of offshore structural response prohibitive. This study aims at a direct and efficient 2D FFT algorithm for simulating the frequency sum terms. For the frequency difference terms inverse FFT and FFT are respectively implemented across the 2Ds of the wave interaction matrix. Given specified wave conditions not only the wave elevation but also kinematics and associated Morison force are simulated. Favourable agreements are achieved when the statistics of elevation-kinematics are compared with not only the empirical fits but also the analyt100166 Numerical simulation of non-linear wave propagation and breaking over constant-slope bottom

A buoy design has been developed which satisfies the requirements of a multi-purpose vessel for unmanned or manned conditions. When moored the buoy design constitutes a stationary vessel which is not affected by confused seas due to its axial symmetry. The overall design has focused on fabrication efficiency ultimate stability and safety. The buoy is characterised by a very high ratio of buoyancy to fabricated weight. The design is presented. One advantage of the design is that the vessel can be fitted with thousands of tons of deck equipment dockside and then towed to its offshore location. This avoids the need for offshore vessels to lift equipment and avoids the need for offshore MPT vessels to install equipment or well control systems. In addition hook-up and commissioning can be done prior to installing the buoy offshore. The basic design has undergone tank testing and has been shown to be suitable for a variety of offshore applications including deep water high current environments and hurricanes. Design features that have been studied and resolved include the hydrodynamics mooring options scantling design raising and lowering systems for the center column and self-tensioning systems for pre-installed mooring. The floating buoy is seen as an alternative to the use of FPSOs SPARs TLPs etc for deepwater gas and oil production. Other applications are also identified.

Technology has transformed the San Francisco Bay region. Silicon Valley and the biotech industry produced plenty of high-paying positions that inflated the economy and created traffic congestion of immense proportions. Growth projections show 1.2 million new Bay Area jobs and a 1.4 million population-increase during the next 25 years accompanied by a 30 per cent increase in region-wide travel and a 40 per cent increase in trans-bay travel. In an effort to counter the negative aspects of an immobile and consequently less productive commuter society the California State Legislature created the San Francisco Bay Area WTA (Water Transit Authority) with a mandate to improve public transit with an environmentally friendly ferry system. The WTA's mission is to build and operate a cost-effective convenient and environmentally responsible ferry system that will enhance commuter choices and the Bay Area's public-transit system. Various environmental implications of ferries are discussed including ferry impacts on the water bird populations marine mammals plants and people; shoreline response to wake impacts; emissions; safety; security; and aesthetics.

Nowadays the success of the missions of naval ships depends highly on the use of sensor weapon and command systems. the availability and capability of these systems depend on support delivered by support systems such as chilled water systems and electrical power systems. It may be argued that the main task of the automation of these support systems is to quickly restore the system capability in the event of unavailability due to battle damage. Traditional platform management systems are not up to the task due to their centralised design. Next generation platform management systems will therefore be based on a decentralised design. Decentralised platform management systems use distributed intelligence which has two important benefits compared to the traditional platform management systems: it lowers the vulnerability and increases the availability of the support systems. These benefits imporve the survivability of the ship as a whole. The Royal Netherlands Navy and TNO Defence Security and Safety have conducted a project on this subject called Robust Automation. This paper describes this project. In order to prove the technical feasibility a demonstrator has been built and tested. the results are very promising. The project Robust Automation finished last year but will be continued by the Distributed intelligent Networked Control Systems (DINCS) projects a new European research and technology project focussing on a further de-risking of the technology. DINCS will ensure a sufficiently de-risked technology ready to be s99384 Robust broadband adaptive beamforming via polynomial eigenvalues

Conf held in Aberdeen 24 - 26 June 1986 Papers are The management of contractors requirements Designing subsea equipment for ROV intervention ROVs and moonpools - an operators viewpoint Using an ROV for simultaneous lay and burial of subsea umbilicals Measurement and analysis of hydrodynamics of ROVs tether cable An integrated approach to operations Planning and conducting combined diver/ROV operations Risk management and insurance for the under water contractor Making the ROV electrically safe - in and out of the water ROVs increase diver safety Improved efficiency and loss prevention through ROV simulation Operational limitations - training for offshore ROV employees ROV training and certification - their effects on technology transfer The application of ROVs to underwater welding repair tasks Dredging tools for ROVs An integrated approach to subsea intervention An integrated visual imaging system Optimisation of high performance subsea cleaning system A cable location and tracking system for Cirrus The hardware and software development of a fully adaptive ROV autopilot The development of a remotely operated crack inspection systems - ROCIS A free swimming ROV The evolution of rigworker ROV acoustic position reference system for hydro electric dam inspection Eastport international Air India salvage effort A novel approach to object classification for military requirements JASON - an integrated approach to ROV and control system design Some applications of ROVs in fisheries science A small lightweight ROV for studies under Arctic ice

The book contains 15 chapters which were presented at lectures at the First International Symposium on Structural Crashworthiness held in the Dept of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Liverpool, 14-16 September 1983. The contents focus on the application of solid, structural and experimental mechanics to the prediction of the crumpling behaviour and energy absorption of thin-walled structures under quasi-static compression and various dynamic crash loadings. Emphasis is placed on fundamental aspects and the most important engineering applications in the automobile, aircraft, rail, ship and offshore industries. The chapters (lectures) are as follows: Laterally compressed metal tubes as impact energy absorbers, The static approach to plastic collapse and energy: dissipation in some thin-walled steel structures, Crushing behaviour of plate intersections, Energy absorption by structural collapse, Axial crushing of fibre reinforced composite tubes, Impact stability of plated steel structures, Static and dynamic finite element analysis of structural crashworthiness in the automotive and aerospace industries, Study of the crash behaviour of aircraft fuselage structures, Aircraft crash dynamics, Application of the non-linear finite element computer program, 'DYCAST' to aircraft crash analysis, Structural aspects of ship collision, Collision resistance of marine structures, Analysis of framework-type safety structures in road vehicles, Rail vehicle structural crashworthiness and Structural damage in airship and rolling stock collisions.

In the Royal Navy (RN) there were over 1500 peacetime fires onboard ships during the last sixteen years and current trends show an increase in the average duration of fires leading to concerns over fire fighting issues in future lean manned vessels. New systems are operating procedures are continually being investigated in both the commercial and naval sectors in order to reduce the risk of fire. One system that has been developed over the last 50 years is the use of inert gas as a fire suppressant. Since specific requirements were introduced into the 1974 safety of life at sea convention (SOLAS) inert gas systems (IGS) have become an integral part of the tanker industry leading to a reduction in the number of fires and explosions occurring within this sector. This technology has not yet been adapted for use onboard warships although inert gas is used for fire extinguishing on some submarines. This paper investigates the extent to which existing inert gas technology can be utilised onboard RN surface warships for fire prevention or extinguishing in order to reduce the overall fire risk.

The book is a collection of papers presented at the 'Wind over waves; fundamentals, forecasting and applications' conference held by the Institute of Mathematics and its Applications at Churchill College, Cambridge in 2001. It addresses ocean wave processes and turbulence as they affect oceanography, meteorology, marine and coastal engineering. It will assist in the prediction and control of wave effects on shipping safety, weather forecasting, offshore structures, sediment pollution and ice dynamics in polar regions. Papers are as follows: 'G.G. Stokes and his precursors on water wave theory', 'Is the logarithmic wind law valid over the sea?', 'On the accuracy of ocean winds and wind stress - an empirical assessment', 'Wind-over-waves coupling', 'Sea surface roughness parameterisation', Direction of wind stress vector over waves', 'An improved parameterisation for energy exchange from wind to stokes waves', 'Wind-generated water waves: two overlooked mechanisms', 'On the relative importance of wind forcing and non-linear interactions in the downshaft of a gravity wave wavenumber spectrum', 'Search for characteristics of deterministic dynamics in wind wave data', 'Vorticity dynamics in the water below steep and breaking surface waves', 'Langmuir calculations', 'Dispersive dynamics of waves in Euler systems', 'Benjamin Memorial Lecture: Stability of solitary waves: geometry, symplecticity and three-dimensionality', 'Kinematical conservation laws applied to study geometrical shapes of a solitary wave', 'Standing waves in the ocean' and 'Discretising Barrick's equations'.

Oil in produced water has traditionally been determined using a reference method based on Freon-113 extraction followed by IR (infrared) quantification. However when Freon-113 was phased out OSPAR (the Oslo-Paris Commission) agreed that Tetrachloroethylene (Perklone or TTCE) should be used as a Freon replacement. Since then there have been concerns over health and safety of the solvent and the use of Perklone in the analysis of oil-in-water has been limited despite its analytical suitability. In 2000 the ISO 9377-2 method for the determination of hydrocarbons in water was made available. A number of studies to establish its suitability as a reference method for the determination of oil in produced water were carried out and the ISO method was subsequently modified to become the new reference method to be implemented from 01 January 2007. While there may be a new reference method it has been recognised that there is a need for alternative oil-in-water analysis and monitoring methods for the determination of oil in produced water. This is because the new reference method is not ideally suited for offshore applications. Some of these new methods have already reached trial stage or have been accepted for reporting. Also recognised is the need for using alternative oil-in-water monitoring methods. A number of studies have been carried out by the industry to identify alternative technologies. An overview of alternative oil-in-water analysis and monitoring technologies available is presented together with some examination of search efforts made to identify Freon replacement solX19123

In a marine disaster scenario the goal of SAR (search-and-rescue) is to search for and find life rafts and rescue victims as efficiently and safely as possible. A practical robotics approach to this scenario is the use of a team of fast autonomous UAVs together with a team of autonomous helicopters with rescuers onboard. In addition if the UAVs can circle around the found life rafts to provide high beam light and environmental information to the rescue helicopter while rescuers are retrieving victims the efficiency and safety of the rescue operation will also improve significantly. A co-ordinated control technique is presented that allows teams of UAVs (unmanned aerial vehicles) and manned rescue helicopters to search autonomously for and track multiple life rafts in a marine disaster scenario. A sensor model and an objective function are first proposed to stochastically enable co-ordinated search within the recursive Bayesian filter framework. Once a life raft has been found a UAV and a helicopter co-operatively rescue victims on the life raft. Numerical results first show the superiority of the proposed technique to the conventional marine search techniques. The proposed technique is then applied to a practical marine SAR scenario where heterogeneous vehicles are co-ordinated to search for and track multiple targets. The result shows the applicability of the technique to various real world scenarios. Firstly the recursive Bayesian filtering is reviewed. This preX25037 Autonomous control system (SPARCS) for low-cost subsea production systems

The focus of the offshore industry is moving increasingly towards deepwater and therefore attention is concentrated on life-cycle development costs such as development lead times equipment standardisation use of resources. The metocean challenge is to reduce costs while maintaining adequate safety levels. The metocean (meteorological and oceanographic) issues and challenges associated with this move towards deepwater exploration and field development are examined. A brief review is given of deepwater prospects and developments worldwide and some of the deepwater concepts being applied or considered. A comparison is made between the relative metocean conditions that need to be designed for and considered when estimating potential workability. The relative contribution of waves current and wind to overall loading is examined in particular for tropical areas experiencing strong currents. It is defined where metocean fits into the overall process of deepwater development and key drivers are identified. Some of the specific metocean challenges relating to deepwater are discussed considering such issues as shelf edge currents current profiles seasonal and annual variability in conditions as well as the El Nino and the North Atlantic Oscillation climate indicators. Finally these issues are linked with the overall requirements for metocean information at each stage in the field development process - from initial concession evaluation right through the process to field abandonment. The recent trend to begin metocean data collection in deepwater areas much earlier in the process than previously (frequently in advance ofX44235 Deepwater development and high impact technologies for marginal fields

The marine riser is a major component of offshore drilling and productions systems that are either fixed or floating. Since a marine riser is intended to remain in station for the productive life of an oil field; it will be exposed to wide variety of hazards with the potential for environmental damage structural failure or damage to the material. As part of the design process there are requirements of structural strength based on criteria referring to failure modes such as rupture by over loading fatigue failures buckling or unstable fracture. 3D non-linear dynamic analysis of a riser is carried out in the time domain using finite element solver ABAQUS-Aqua. The response histories so obtained are used to study fatigue and fracture reliability analysis of riser under random waves and random waves together-with vessel motion. In this study application of structural concepts for the evaluation of the fatigue resistance of marine risers including reliability techniques is presented. The limit state function has been established for cumulative fatigue damage using S-N curve approach and fracture mechanics approaches considering number of parameters random in nature. Reliability methods deal with the uncertain nature of loads resistance etc. and lead to prediction of the failure and a rational measure of the safety coefficient. RSM (response surface method) in conjunction with FORM (first order reliability method) has been used for reliability estimation. The results are compared with the Monte Carlo simulation method. The design point important for the probabilistic design is located onX38400

The past 25 years has been marked by the introduction of marine environmental regulations that have had a profound effect on how ships are designed built and operated. Ships being designed and built today must accommodate not only current regulations but anticipate future ones over their 30- to 50-year life cycles. The US Chief of Naval Operations Office of Environmental Safety and Health (CNO N45) has articulated a vision for the Environmentally Sound Warship of the 21st Century. This vision incorporates the 'Sense of Congress' for a naval ship designed to operate in full compliance with environmental regulations worldwide. The task of the Navy engineering team is to translate this vision into reality; a ship capable of prevailing in time of war and able to carry out operations in all areas of the globe unencumbered by special procedures for environmental compliance. The key to this warship design is the early integration of environmentally sound principles materials and processes into the ship acquisition process; minimisation of both hazardous materials and generation of post shipboard consumer waste during operation; adaptation of integrated systems to reduce the volume of wastes and enhance processing efficiency; reduced manpower requirements; and crew indoctrination in environmental protection.

Since the first book was published in 2006, resilience engineering has consistently argued that safety is more than the absence of failures. Several book chapters and papers have illustrated the advantage in going behind 'human error' and beyond the failure concept, and various complicated accidents have accentuated the need for it. But there has not yet been a comprehensive method for doing so; the Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) fulfils that need. Whereas commonly used methods explain events by interpreting them in terms of an already existing model, the FRAM is used to produce a model of what is needed for everyday performance to go right. This can then be applied to explain specific events, by showing how functions can be coupled and how the variability of everyday performance sometimes may produce unexpected and out-of-scale outcomes - either good or bad. The FRAM is based on four principles: equivalence of failures and successes, approximate adjustments, emergence, and functional resonance. Since the FRAM is a method rather than a model, it makes no assumptions about how the system under investigation is structured or organised, nor about possible causes and cause-effect relations. Instead of looking for specific failures and malfunctions, the FRAM explains outcomes in terms of functional coupling and resonance. This book presents a detailed and tested method that can be used to model how complex and dynamic socio-technical systems work, and understand both why things sometimes go wrong but also why they normally succeed.

API RP2A 21st edition recognises several consequence-based levels of platform design or assessment. L-1 gives critical new platforms a level of reliability almost comparable to continuously manned platforms in the North Sea and the economic impact of their failure risk essentially vanishes. L-2 is used for manned-evacuated platform gives a finite but still low level of risk based on economic trade-offs; it has served the Gulf of Mexico industry well for three decades. Re-assessment criteria are lower in terms of metocean loading and accept more risk because upgrading platforms in place is an order of magnitude more expensive than adding a little beef to a new-build. Assessment level A-1 is for well-maintained platforms built to '100-year' metocean criteria of the 1960s but still serving vital functions e.g. pipeline hubs where the business interruption risk they pose to upstream producers can be considerable. A-2 simply provides for personnel safety in case a sudden (but weak) hurricane precludes evacuation; economic consequences are left for the operator to evaluate. Levels L-3 and A-3 are reserved for unmanned structures whose collapse does not even have significant economic consequence. It is presumed that high reliability SCSSVs will prevent pollution in any case. The existing A-2 level is substantially weaker than L-2. It is suitable for production platforms on stripper-well status under the philosophy of 'Produce until it falls down' which makes more sense than arbitrarily abandoning the production prematurely.

The location of the Gulf of Guinea shelf is described. The distinctive bathymetry hydrography productivity and trophodynamics of the shallow ocean bordering the Gulf of Guinea qualify it as a LME (Large Marine Ecosystem) and indeed it is recognised as one of the 49 LMEs delineated globally. The long-term sustainability of coastal ecosystems as a resource for healthy economies in coastal nations appears to be diminishing. A growing awareness that multiple driving forces are adversely impacting the quality of the coastal ecosystems has accelerated efforts by scientists and programme managers to assess monitor and mitigate coastal stressors from an ecosystem perspective. Major environmental issues are discussed. Mangrove vegetation occur almost everywhere along the coasts in the Gulf of Guinea LME and are dominant in certain places where mangrove swamp forests can extend over a large area. Mangrove vegetation provides the nutritional inputs to adjacent shallow channel and bay systems that constitute the primary habitat of a large number of aquatic species of commercial importance. The mangrove ecosystems provide a myriad of ecological functions and multiple uses and these are listed. The mangroves need to be restored. They are under pressure from over-cutting and from other activities such as clearing for aquaculture practice thereby jeopardising their roles in the regeneration of living resources. The potential for improving coastal waters using mangroves is discussed. It is concluded that mangroves are t87244 Improving the reach of health and safety information dissemination with ICT

Session One - Ships in Design, Construction and Operation N Hubbard and P Dowell, 'The Charter Market and Earning Opportunities for Containerships' Dr.Ing A Kraus, 'Development, Design and Construction of Containerships at HDW' D G Capaitzis, 'Feeders from Turkey' Session 2 - Ship Design Dr A K Chatterjee, 'A Computer Model for Preliminary Design and Economics of Containerships' Prof. G E Hearn and P N H Wright, 'Design for Optimal Hyrodynamic Operation of Large Container Ships' Session 3 - The Classification Society Perspective M Lebrun, 'Design Consideration of Very Large Containerships' W Fricke and L Muller, 'Innovative Container Ship Designs' W Magelssen, K Dohlie and E Roglan, 'Cost Effective Design and Safety of Container Ships' P J Catchpole, 'Ship Emergency Response for Container Ships' Session 4 - Container Shipping, The Future A Kroneberg, 'A Scenario Based Exploration of Future Innovations in the Container Shipping Industry' Dr P K Pal and D Peacock, 'Hatchcoverless Container Ships for the 21st Century' Session 5 - Ship Management Dr N E Mikelis, 'The Development of an Enterprise System for Ship Management in Accordance with the ISM Code' Session 6 - Ships Structures V V Ivannikov, 'Steel Optimisation While Designing Sea-River (SRG) Container Carriers' Dr.Ing E Brunner, 'Some Aspects of the Design of Hatch Covers for Container Vessels' R Spencer, 'Structural Design of the Latest and Largest Containerships'

Formerly 'Muckle's Naval Architecture for Marine Designers' The fundamental characteristics of a ship's design and how they affect its behaviour at sea are of great importance to a variety of different people, including naval architects and marine engineers. The book gives a clear and concise introduction to the subject. Compared to the Third Edition, there is greater emphasis on the work of national and international regulatory organisations and of the classification societies. Safety and environmental pollution receive more attention in line with growing public concerns. The discussion on different ship types has been made broader reflecting the greater diversity of designs within any one ship type. Chapters comprise of: Ship design, Definition and regulation, Ship form calculations, Flotation and stability (equilibrium, stability, hydrostatic curves), The external environment (water, wind, waves, extremes, marine pollution), Stability at large angles, Launching, docking and grounding, Resistance (fluid flow, the Froude notation, wave-making resistance, frictional resistance, roughness, model and full-scale tests), Propulsion (the screw propeller, torque, ship trails, main machinery power), Ship dynamics, Seakeeping (ship motions, stabilisation), Manoeuvring (turning circle, zig-zag, spiral, rudder, submarines), Main hull strength (stresses, forces on a ship, fatigue, superstructures, structural elements, transverse strength), Structural elements , Ship design (merchant ships, high-speed craft, warships).