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With the setting up of a working group the IMO reacted to the neccessity to increase the level of protection for fuel oil tanks against collision and grounding damage. The working group on the protection of oil fuel tanks provided a draft regulation for the MARPOL convention which concerns itself with the constructional requirements of new buildings. The draft regulation was accepted at the 48th meeting of the IMO sub-committee Ship Design and Equipment in February 2005. The draft regulation was approved at MEPC 53 in July 2005. The draft regulation contains two alternatives which both provide a comparable degree of protection. On the one hand the draft regulation contains descriptive requirements regarding the width of the double hulls similar to the requirement of MARPOL I/19 for cargo tanks independently of their structural arrangement in the hull. On the other hand alternative probabilities of oil outflow were introduced. The methodology is based on hypothetical oil outflow probabilities as they are also prescribed in MARPOL I/[23] for the tank size limitation on tankers. The flexible arrangement of double skin should minimize the economic consequences of the increased space required in particular for container ships. The regulation facilitates safety requirements without limiting an innovative design development of modern ships more than necessary.

The new generations of diesel engines require a lube oil filter concept which meets the demand of finer filtration for the different lubrication points in an engine. Even if the quality of the oils has been adapted to keep all parts free from sediments and to minimise wear today not only the filter fineness should be considered but also how wear is mainly caused by the number of solids which pass the clearance of bearings and flow with very high velocity inside the hydraulic valves. The so-called cleanliness level of an oil system and the retention rate of the used filter mesh are the most important parameters for a maximum lifetime of the affected engine components. Comparisons of different filter media are presented and to what extent the valid ISO standards can be useful to compare the different solutions offered by the filter manufacturers. The questions considered are: whether one filter is sufficient for the safety of the bearing; how it ensures a long lifetime; and whether it is more economical to split the oil system to filter the oil according to the demand of the bearings turbochargers hydraulic pumps and valves. Boll & Kirch has equipped RT-Flex engines and MAN B&W ME engine with 6 and 10 micron filters. For a reliable system all filters installed: the main lube oil filter and the turbo charger filter and the hydraulic filter have to be evaluated by means of multi-pass testing or measurement of the mesh size. The balance of a well-performing lube oil system does not only depend on the filters although they do play a major role in the reliable operation of the propuX35998

Fishermen have the highest occupational risk of death and injury of any occupation in the United States. The main concern lies with vessels of less than 40 foot in length. Methods are being developed for the real-time assessment of ship stability with practical application to safety monitoring and early-warning instrumentation. Ship motion is reviewed together with the background of current models describing roll motion. The characteristics of the five craft used in this study are described. New instrumentation for measuring the kinematics associated with small vessel roll is described. An instrument for measuring and recording ship roll is presented on based semiconductor accelerometers used singly or in a linear array. The measured roll behaviour is presented for the five craft with different loading conditions. Two sets of experiments are carried out with six craft in a variety of sizes. Implications of the experimental results are subsequently discussed. The first experiments show that there is significant shift in the roll axis from the centre of gravity which is attributed to interaction with sway and pitch. The second experiments show that the change in BG accounts for most of the variation in roll period with different weight distributions. This is attributed to an intrinsic correlation between ship parameters and the shift in roll axis. A detailed analysis of the instrument response and methods for locating the roll axis are given in an appendix.

Marine operations in ice-covered waters require reliable and timely information about sea ice conditions. CIS (the Canadian Ice Service) produces and distributes the ice information to mariners operating in the Canadian waters in the form of daily ice charts. Unfortunately however due to the time difference between the production and the use of the ice charts the ice information is always out of date which endangers the safety of marine operations. To efficiently overcome this problem a neural network-based model is developed for predicting the sea ice conditions (concentrations) over time. A supervised neural network is trained to predict the ice concentration at a given location and time using the CIS's ice charts. The input to the network is a vector which represents the current ice concentrations over a test area containing 40 points. The input vector is mapped to an output vector that gives the predicted ice concentrations. It is shown that despite the absence of the environmental data the prediction performance of the neural network varied between 86 per cent and 98 per cent. The average overall performance of the network over the entire test area (i.e. over the 40 points) was 93.2 per cent. To further enhance the prediction capability a future version of the model will include environmental data and other ice parameters e.g. the partial ice concentrations and the stages of development of the ice types.

Fourth edition This is a revised and enlarged edition. This revision has been rendered necessary on account of the advances made during recent year in all details of ship construction, fittings and equipment, and regulations pertaining thereto. New chapters were added on Classification Surveys, Load Line Survey, Refrigerated Machinery and Plant Surveys, Survey for Passenger and Safety Certificate, Survey of Lights, Sound Signals and Life-saving Appliances, Annual Radio Survey, Inspection of provisions. Particulars of ship deratization, and also inspections, tests, etc., in connexion with the Docks Regulations (Factory Acts), are included. References to the Gyro Compass, the Echo-sounder, and the Wireless Direction Finder are made, since such aids to navigation are now in common use. The purposes to the book is therefore objects and it is hoped the few hints contained therein will, at least, provide the means of timely deliverance, and enable the seaman to act on his own initiative when called upon (1) to survey the damage to his own ship and prepare an intelligent report to his owners, (2) to estimate the approximate cost of repairs and draw up the necessary specification for tenders, (3) to supervise personally all repairs in hand and to satisfy himself that every details of the work contracted for is being honestly and efficiently carried out in conformity with the rules of the Classification Society in which the vessel is classed – not forgetting the usual attention to quality of new material and the preservation of strength where the old is replaced.

The present work is a treatise on the work, design and construction of small sea-going ships and inland vessels which are generally built in small or medium-sized yards. It describes and illustrates cargo vessels navigating inland waterways; coasters of up to about 1000 tons deadweight and cargo ships intended for sea- and river-work combined; passenger ships and ferry boats on coastal and inland waterways; tugs, towboats, ice breakers and fishing craft regardless of size; and barges for the transport of dredging spoils. The description of each type if preceded by an outline of the conditions under which ship and engines have to perform their work. For inland craft this covers the main features of waterways with their depths, currents, navigability and dangers; for coasters and tankers the properties of cargoes and the demarcation of coastal waters; for passenger ships and ferry-ships the rules concerning number of passengers and amount of cargo, freeboard, safety-means and life-saving appliances, and in the case of ferries the different ways of crossing and accosting at landing stages; for tugs, ice breakers and fishing craft the various methods of towing, ice breaking and fishing. There is a special chapter devoted to some aspects of resistance and propulsion on waterways.

Ships of all shapes and sizes require some form of tender of daughter craft. Al ships require a tender for general embarkation and for MOB (man-overboard) recovery duties. VT Halmatic has been involved with both stern ramp and davit methods for launching and recovering daughter draft for many years. VT Halmatic has developed and implemented a number of structures and arrangements to improve launch and recovery methods for daughter craft. The requirements for daughter craft are discussed together with the various issues that need to be considered when developing a lifting arrangement for a particular craft. The structural design and analysis methodology is examined and important issues such as factors of safety in design and testing are considered. The role of finite element analysis to support this process is also described. The development of lifting arrangements and structures for larger boats with particular emphasis on the design of a single point lifting arrangements of a 13-tonne Pacific Rescue Craft built for service in the North Sea. This is followed by a review of the development of lifting arrangements for small RIBs - especially of single point lift structures that have been developed for three generations of Royal Navy seaboat RIBs. A number of case studies are presented as illustration.

The response of a LNG carrier during offloading operation is one of the crucial factors to the safety and operability of offshore LNG terminals. Nevertheless the influence of the time-varying liquid cargo and its sloshing on global tanker motions for various loading conditions has rarely been investigated. In the present study the coupling effects between the vessel and inner-fluid motions in partially filled conditions are investigated in both frequency and time domain. The coupling and interactions between ship motion and inner-tank sloshing are investigated by a potential-viscous hybrid method in time domain. For the time domain simulation of vessel motion the hydrodynamic coefficients and wave forces are obtained by a potential-theory-based 3D diffraction-radiation panel program in frequency domain. Then the corresponding simulations of motions in time domain are carried out using the convolution-integral method. The liquid sloshing in a tank is simulated in time domain by a Navier-Stokes solver. A finite difference method with SURF scheme assuming the single-valued free surface profile is applied for the direct simulation of liquid sloshing. The computed sloshing forces and moments are then applied as external excitations to the ship motion. The calculated ship motion is in turn inputted as the excitation for liquid sloshing which is repeated for the ensuing time steps. For comparison a 3D panel program for linear inner-fluid motions was developed independently and this is coupled with the vessel motion program in the frequency domain. The developed computer programs are applied to a barge-type FPSO hull equipped with twoX28692 Effects of temperature and humidity of scavenging air on NOx emission of marine diesel engines

Most welded engineering components must be manufactured so they are safe to use and are 'fit for purpose'. Many pre-service and in-service inspection methods are used to decrease the possibility of failure during the life of the component. Also the possibility of service failures due to deficiencies in the manufacture is limited by using safety factors in the design and operation. The impact of prior loading on the structural performance of welded components is explored. In particular probabilistic models are used to determine the change in the survival probability of a welded component where prior loading contributes to changes in both the fracture toughness and residual stresses. The effect of prior loading on toughness reveals that there are shifts in the mean toughness together with changes in the statistical distribution. While there is a large body of data that characterises residual stresses in welded components there is considerable uncertainty about the choice of the mean and statistical properties. Furthermore there is only limited statistical evidence for changes in residual stress following prior loading. The evidence points to the adoption of a simple linear model to explain reductions in residual stress after prior loading. The combined experimental evidence for changes in toughness and residual stress are then incorporated into probabilistic models. The models are used to investigate the sensitivity of the input parameters to measures of the survivability of a welded component. Predictions are compared to experimental evidence from large-scale tests. Importantly it is revealed that by i102360 Influence of longitudinal members partially missing to the operative vessel residual strength calculations for emergency response service Gennadiy V Egorov ; Alexandr E Nilva ; Andrey A Solovyov

The main field of application of a multi-beam echosounder is hydrographic surveying in other words acquisition of bathymetric data or bottom topography information - the topography of the seafloor. This kind of bathymetric data is needed by a large number of users for harbour and coastal zone management resource exploration hydrographic charting for safety of navigation and many other tasks. Tools for highly efficient investigation of the seafloor including rapid sediment classification as well as reliable object detection are of high interest to offshore construction projects. In the last few of years ATLAS Hydrographic has concentrated on the development of the next generation of hydrographic survey echosounders. One of the results is the ATLAS FANSWEEP 30 family of MBES (multi-beam echosounders). This family of sonars offers an innovative new approach of multi-beam echosounder technology for hydrographic surveys. The ATLAS FANSWEEP 30 COASTAL the first member of the ATLAS FANSWEEP 30 MBES family is breaking new ground. It represents a new generation of highly effective multi-beam echosounders for hydrographic data acquisition at highest accuracy and reliability demands. Its key features are: 8x SMP (simultaneous multi-ping) HOB (high-order beamforming) new ways of the ATLAS HPS for the data acquisition real-time processing evaluation and visualisation. Because of these characteristics the rate of effort of the FS30C together with its high standards in data quality

The risk assessment for safe evacuation in the event of a marine fire is considered. It is based on escape simulation and considers smoke diffusion in the event of a marine fire. The risk index for safe assessment of the evacuation system is defined here by using the results of a simulation of smoke diffusion and escape behaviour simultaneously. The risk index may be useful to choose the suitable escape route and compare with various supported systems for safe evacuation. Its validity can be confirmed using numerical examples on the three-decked common spaces in a typical cruise ship. Three analyses are presented: the state of smoke diffusion that is calculated by the use of two-layers zone model; the evacuation movement that is simulated by a group behavioural model considering smoke spreading phase; and the risk index for safe assessment using the results of smoke diffusion ad escape movement. The risk index can be used in the comparison between various safety systems and its validity is confirmed by the evacuation of the common spaces in a typical cruise ship.

Accurate estimation for ship manoeuvrability is very important in order to comply with the accepted manoeuvrability standards (IMO 2002) to satisfy the basic demand of safety. The objective of this research is to investigate the capability of URANS-DES (unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes - Detached Eddy Simulation) solver CFDShip-Iowa version 4.0 simulating static and dynamic PMM motions for model 5415. Efforts are made to improve the forces and moment prediction for static drift at large drift angles. Apart from the SIMMAN submission case static and dynamic PMM simulations with multiple PMM motion parameters are carried out to obtain manoeuvring derivatives. For static drift case the simulation with extremely fine grid is carried out to obtain detailed information about the flow field. The results are compared with the experimental data. Static and dynamic manoeuvring simulations of the DTMB (David Taylor Model Basin) model 5415 are carried out using the URANS-DES code CFDShip-Iowa version 4.0. The current work includes: (1) static drift with 9 variations of drift angle; (2) pure sway with 3 variations of corresponding drift angle beta-corr; and (3) pure yaw with 3 variations of maximum yaw rate rmax'.

Hull slamming of high-speed craft has been known to produce severe structural damage. Considerable work has been done over the years to try to understand the dynamic loading of both planing and semi-planing vessels under high speed. High speeds generate high lifting forces on the vessel's bottom; therefore frequent slamming in waves is inevitable. The hull must be designed to withstand these slamming loads. However the designer of high-speed monohulls must balance adequate strength to ensure safety with light structure to ensure performance. This thesis examines the first step in structural design accurately predicting impact pressures on the hull bottom. In this investigation the pressure predictions from seven semi-empirical or theoretical methods and three classification society rules are compared against the full-scale measured data for seven monohulls ranging in length from 20 to 100+ feet with speeds of 20-46 knots. The predictions of the rules generally did not agree with the measured data leading the conclusion to be drawn that these formulas consider more than pressure since they are used in the structural formulas. However one of the semi-empirical or theoretical methods showed very good agreement for all craft and is recommended to designers as a valuable tool for structural design. It is recommended that a systematic series be developed and tested to determine an all-inclusive impact pressure prediction.

Effective stress friction laws govern the local shaft capacity of displacement piles. The possible sensitivity of interface friction angles to apparatus type and test procedure is explored together with the differences that can arise between test data and the 'default' guidance curves given by Jardine and Chow. Results are presented of a series of comparative soil-steel interface ring shear tests involving the relatively simple 'Bromhead' equipment and the more complicated 'Bishop' apparatus where clay soils of varying plasticity were sheared against a standard steel pile interface with the roughness of a typical pile. It is shown that interface friction angles are not unduly sensitive to the choice of apparatus. Recommendations are made on how the commercially available 'Bromhead' apparatus should be used to help pile design in clays. In addition a summary of recently performed interface ring-shear test results is used to comment on the default curves offered by Jardine and Chow for clays. Site-specific tests are strongly recommended for all new site investigations; they are simple and inexpensive to carry out and provide the most secure means of ensuring a reliable balance between safety and economy in pile design.

Intact stability requirements for the design and operation of offshore supply vessels are subject to international codes and regulations as well as national and regional safety agencies. However currently the design of this type of vessels is largely re-evaluated due to the expansion in size as well as the novel developments in engine propulsion and control systems. A review of current codes on intact stability is presented together with their comparison against each other in terms of important design and operational parameters. This is followed by the presentation of the new developments in intact stability using probabilistic and deterministic methodologies to address the physics of the problem and to encompass the dynamic behaviour observed in the actual operation of offshore supply vessels in a way that the ensuing instrument is amenable to designers operators and regulators aspects which are usually neglected or covered too broadly in the many codes currently available. This includes the new developments in propulsion and control systems and their possible effects on the intact stability requirements. Finally conclusions are drawn about the applicability of the current intact stability rules and recommendations are made on their suitability for safe operation of new and future generations of offshore supply vessels.

The new generations of diesel engines require a lube oil filter concept which meets the demand of finer filtration for the different lubrication points in an engine. Even if the quality of the oils has been adapted to keep all parts free from sediments and to minimise wear not only the filter fineness should be considered but also that wear is mainly caused by the number of solids which pass the clearance of bearings and flow with very high velocity inside the hydraulic valves. The so-called cleanliness level of an oil system and the retention rate of the used filter mesh are the most important parameters to maximize the lifetime of affected engine components. Comparisons of different filter media are presented and it is considered to what extent the valid ISO standards are useful in comparing the different solutions offered by the filter manufacturers. It is considered whether one filter is sufficient for the safety of the bearing how it ensures a long lifetime and whether it is more economical to split the oil system to filter the oil according to the demand of the bearings turbochargers hydraulic pumps and valves. Boll & Kirch have equipped RT-Flex engines and MAN B&W ME engines with 6 and 10 micron filters. Today's design practices are described and approaches to the further improvement of numerical and experimental methods are presented.

Conf held in July 1979 in London Papers are Environmental loadings on concrete cooling towers - types likelihood effects and consequences Numerical simulation of three-dimensional separated flow; a first step Wind loading on structures Safety considerations for natural draught cooling towers under wind load Dynamic effects of wind on offshore towers Effects of soil-structure interaction on the dynamic along-wind response of structures The wind induced dynamic response of the Wye bridge Investigation on the vibrational behaviour of a cable-stayed bridge under wind loads A study of the measured and predicted behaviour of a 46-storey building Experimental study of wind forces and wind-induced vibrations at a steel lighthouse tower Simplified models of large-wind-turbine open-truss tower Wind loading and missile generation in tornado Earthquake floor response and fatigue of equipment in multi-storey structures An integrated procedure to compute wave loads on hybrid gravity platforms Wave forces on elliptical cylinders by finite element method Dynamic analysis of marine risers involving fatigue and corrosion Spectral dynamic fatigue analysis of the ANDOC DUNLIN `A' platform A computational approach for the analysis of fixed offshore structures including piling Slam load histories on cylinders Theoretical analysis on the transverse motion of a buoy by surface wave Probabilistic design of a fibre-reinforced concrete floating pontoon A structural problem of piers resting on piles

The behaviour of slender marine structures in waves today represents a major concern. Accurate descriptions of wave loads on these floating bodies are therefore essential both to dimension these structures at design stage and to ensure their viability in operation as well as the safety of people working on them. A recently developed fully non-linear spectral NWT (numerical wave tank) model called HOST-wm2 is presented. Its capabilities for reproducing highly non-linear evolutions in a wave tank are shown by experimental comparisons. This fully spectral model is based on an HOS (higher-order spectral) method which ensures high levels of accuracy and efficiency thanks to the fast resolution made by FFTs only. This numerical method is dedicated to model wave basins and particular care is taken to fit the experimental wave tank characteristics (including the physical geometry of the wave tank the snake-type wave maker an absorbing beach etc.). The numerical simulations are successfully compared to experiments carried out in co-operation with OPD (ocean power delivery) in the wave tank of the ECN (Ecole Centrale de Nantes). Comparisons for wave elevation and pressure fields under highly non-linear steep 2D waves are reported. The usefulness of the presented NWT to assist experiments is also illustrated on the assessment of the procedure used to extract the pressure gradient from the experimental pressure signals.

It is frequently reported in the technical literature that metal fatigue is responsible for more than 90% of engineering component/structural failures.These failures always begin at a notch which may be of micro or macro size. This paper hopefully destroys some historical misconceptions concerning notches such as the value of notch strength reduction factors notch sensitivity indices and also stress (or strain) concentration factors the latter only determining the initial speed of a crack but which may cease propagation well within the notch stress-strain field. Fatigue failures are due to cracks propagating and it is to the physics of fatigue crack growth that attention is primarily focused.The boundary conditions between safety and failure and between propagation and non-propagation of cracks at both blunt and sharp notches are examined in detail in order to assist structural integrity assessors and failure analysts who have to deal with already cracked components. Most attention is given to Stage II (Mode I) tensile-type cracks at notches since these are the dominant type of component failure cracks. Stage I (Modes II and III) shear cracks as found in torsion are also briefly reviewed as is the effect of stress biaxiality and multiaxiality. Finally it should be noted that all statements in this paper relate to steady cyclic stress range conditions.The subject of oscillating cyclic conditions is not addressed since as yet too little is understood about this very complex problem.

Human factors practitioners working as part of a ship design programme face a set of problems on a scale to those involved with smaller stand-alone equipment. They have to address a wide range of often competing human factors issues across a ship. Usually the individual systems comprise off-the-shelf components whose design is outside the scope of the ship's programme. Components will be chosen and the systems designed by large teams of architects engineers and draftsmen with various degrees of appreciation of the human factors issues. Invariably professional human factors resources will be thinly spread and human factors practitioners will have to make hard choices about where to concentrate their efforts. This paper summarises practical techniques for maximising human factors influence derived from experience in real-life projects. It shows how techniques such as task analysis can be used to identify critical human factors risk areas and thus focus design effort. It explains how human factors practitioners can become properly integrated within ship design teams and can influence the design by educating assisting and monitoring the various technical specialisms. In particular it describes how human factors practitioners can contribute to design review and can sign-off procedures by managing the traceability of design back to critical operational and safety requirements. Also considered is how to carve the warship design problem into manageable portions and thus achieve effective human factors integration.