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There are several methods and types of BWT (ballast water treatment) equipment available to the ship owner or operator and there are many considerations in choosing the appropriate type of equipment for a specific ship. When selecting equipment there is a need to ensure that the equipment will perform to requirements. CFD (computational clued dynamics) methods can be used for the design stage of BWT equipment together with analytical and scale model tests. However due to the complex nature of most BWT equipment it is necessary to carry out near full-scale tests in order to ensure that the equipment performs according to specification. Furthermore a range of tests may need to be performed including biological sample and those of a hydrodynamic or thermodynamic nature. Such tests need to be carried out at a purpose-built facility. Such a facility is described. Discussion is stimulated about the next stage of BWT - the application and installation of equipment onboard ships and how to ensure that this equipment will perform according to plan and expectation.

The book covers the following aspects of naval architecture: Areas, volumes, weights, displacement; Moments, centre of gravity and buoyancy, displacement table, planimeter; Conditions of equilibrium, transverse metacentre, moment of inertia, transverse BM, inclining experiment and metacentre height; Longitudinal metacentre, longitudinal BM and change of trim; Statical stability, curves of stability, calculations for this, integration and dynamical stability; Trochoidal wave theory; Calculations of weight and strength of butt connections, davits, pillars, derricks, shaft brackets; Ship strains, curves of loads, shearing force and bending moment, Smith correction, equivalent girder; Horsepower, effective and indicated, resistance of ships, coefficients of speed and law of comparison; Screw propulsion; Propulsion by wind; Rolling; Turning, strength of rudder heads; and launching calculations.

Reliability in engineering design and reliability theory are discussed. The concepts of failure rate and mean time between failure (MTDF) are introduced. Equipment and system failure are defined and three categories of failure are identified: catastrophic failure failure associated with reducing performance and deliberate taking of the equipment or system out of service. The problems of reliability data collection are only now beginning to be solved. Methods of analysis are described including failure mode and effect analysis criticality analysis Markov analysis Monte Carlo simulation and sensitivity analysis. Off-scheduled maintenance times may be predicted using the reliability approach. Reliability applications are then considered. At the design stage mission or phase profiles for a vessel are determined then functional block diagrams and reliability block diagrams are drawn up for each system and failure analysis methods are determined. Two approaches to reliability analysis are considered the Reliabilty Section Design Approach and the Systems Design Approach. Trade-off considerations are MTBF against MTTR availability against reliability and failure detectability against maintainability. Definitions and standard formulae are given in an appendix.

A new era in shipbuilding at BIW (Bath Iron Works) is presented. The centrepiece of this modernisation is a new LLTF (land level transfer facility) which is the primary means of building and launching new vessels as well as the repair of vessels. The creation of the LLTF is described. It was built at BIW's Portland facility in the Kennebec River and attached to the land within the shipyard on a structural support system. Ships are then constructed from blocks on this land level facility rather than on an incline over the Ways. Phase I of this fast-track project consisted of the concept design of this facility and acquisition of environmental permits. The alternatives considered in this phase are discussed together with the evaluation process used to select the preferred alternatives.

The ultimate goal of MET (maritime education and training) is to provide responsible and well-educated licensed seafarers who are certified to be compliant with STCW95 and the Code. There has been much discussion about how to improve MET effects. Marine simulators are often used as an alternative method. There are two main kinds of ERS (engine room simulator): full-mission ERS and pc-based ERS. The former has been used quite extensively for some time and is widely accepted in marine academies and training centres. However with the emergence of highly efficient pcs tremendous changes have taken place in information technology and simulation technology. SAET (simulator-aided education and training ought to be adapted to these tendencies. Pc-based ERS is being developed fast as a lower-priced alternative for seafarer training. The question is whether it can fulfil all the requirements on ships in service and the STCW code. A multi-mode ERS is introduced based on the merits and demerits of the two types of ERS. Its brief features are described together with its facilities and functions on SAET training and evaluation.

Conf was held December 2-4 1987 in Singapore Papers are Optimization of ship speeds along prescribed course under uncertainty A voyage management system to improve the economy of operations of ship The economic ship-NOL approach Toh Ho Tay MIP-calculator NK-5 KM The engine performance programme Vecom technical services Reliability - The prime factor for achieving good economy Recent development of Mitsubishi UE diesel engine and MET turbocharger The impact of fuel additives on diesel engine Advances in exhaust gas economizer plant and its important problem of outer fouling Some aspects of further developments of Sulzer's Two strok engines with special respect to the latest RTA `2' diesel engines Simulator aided training in diesel engine operation performance monitoring and fault diagnotics Fine tuning of propeller/engine design speed Fuel saving on ASEAN ship Computerised shipboard data systems Prospects of use of expert systems for on-line diagnosis in a fully instrumented marine power plant The ultimate in economy and flexibility The role of refrigerated ships in the economic operation of an effective cold chain

Three-plate joints are widely used in ships and marine structures to connect stiffened panels since they eliminate misalignments to a certain extent. There are a number of different types of damage to marine structures. One of these is fatigue which has received a lot of attention since the recent wide use of high strength steel in ship structures where fatigue damage is more obvious. Fatigue occurs in a material undergoing fluctuating stresses and strains. The dynamic response of three-plate joints under the resonance of propeller blade frequency and twin blade frequency at the connection of stiffened panels is considered. A study on stress concentration for three-plate joints under different loadings is presented using shell finite elements. Accurate stress distribution data are achieved. Conclusions are drawn.

In this book, the sequel to the highly-acclaimed Warrior to Dreadnought, David Brown brings his knowledge and experience as a warship designer to the story of the Royal Navy's development of World War I warships and the influence of that conflict on future warship design. The building of the new Dreadnought battleships and the controversial battlecruisers are covered in this book, as well as developments in the design of cruisers and smaller craft, and the new weapons of naval warfare--submarines and aircraft carriers. Brown provides a full analysis of the experience of battle damage along with an examination of the effect that damage had on post-World War I designs to the Washington Naval Treaty of 1923. Heavily illustrated with 200 contemporary photographs and line drawings of the most significant ships, this book will be a vital addition to the collections of naval historians and enthusiasts.

Archeological data have been widely used in the Mediterranean basin for the reconstruction of sea-level change during historical times. Numerous archaeological structures have been found in the coastal area of the 'mansio ad speluncas'. These are 'land indicators' or 'sea indicators' since they only indicate that sea level was lower or higher than present at the time of their building. The most important sea level indicators are two wrecks of Roman ships. A combination of geomorphological and archaeological data collected in the area of the mansio ad speluncase (Torre Santa Sabina Carovigno) are used to determine past sea-level positions along the coast of Apulia region during historic times.

During the past decade increasing attention has been focussed on the particular dangers of marine safety and environmental pollution involved in the operation of large oil tankers. These hazards have been emphasised by several dramatic and well-publicised incidents. Tow important regulatory instruments had been adopted by the IMCO - the 1973 Convention for the Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) and the 1974 Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea. Both of these documents were extensively modified and strengthened by Protocols agreed at IMCO's 1978 Conference. These have (MARPOL) or will soon (SOLAS) enter into force. This study examines in detail the new tanker regulations and analyses the implications they will have for tanker owners and the structure of the world tanker fleet. Section 1 of the study lists the main requirements of the various regulations, while Section 2 describes the principal design and equipment features involved.

An independent professional engineer can be employed in a number of roles on projects to construct one-off small ships. The need for a consultant will depend on the nature of the ship the abilities of the owner the capabilities of the shipyard and the geographical location of the shipyard the designer and the owner. A consultant may be hired either by the shipyard or the owner both of whom will find the ability to buy project-specific experience and knowledge only when it is needed a useful tool. It is proposed that engineers take better advantage of this market by setting up more group practices.

There has been more and more critical demand on propeller design since the introduction of faster and larger ships. There have been continuous complaints about the cavitation erosion of propeller blades in the last 10 years. In this paper the face cavitation erosion of a container vessel's propeller was investigated both by test in the new built large cavitation channel of CSSRC (China Ship Scientific Research Center) and by calculation using the panel method. A modified project was carried out to improve the cavitation behaviour of the propeller blades. The related cavitation tests and the calculation based on the panel method were performed. The results of correlated investigations are reported and conclusions drawn.

Krupp MaK is about to develop its entire marine engine programme with regard to NOx SO2 CO2 and particle emissions. The new MaK engines have a large stroke/bore ratio which offers ideal preconditions for a high compression ratio. The basic design is such that firing pressures of more than 180 bar can be realised so the NOx emission limits can be kept in connection with good consumption values. For further NOx reduction and the benefits of low sulphur content of gas oil with resulting lower particle emissions the MaK system with eccentric cam followers is useful. The engines can be operated in coastal waters and economically optimized with heavy fuel on the open sea.

The geometry of the water route (ie depth) determines the cargo carrying capacity of inland ships. The final criterion of choice of a ship's main dimensions and cargo carrying capacity is the optimum construction draught. The navigation conditions and limitations determined by water-way depth are represented by a database containing information collected during the whole year about specific water-ways' depths. This database is looked at and data processing is discussed. Lastly an analysis is given of ship's draught at constant values of L(T) and B(T).

Contains 22 research articles written by different authors. These are on the subjects of: flying boats hull form and dimensions, experiments on mercantile ship models in waves, the effect of wind and waves on ship propulsion, ship propulsion under different weather conditions, manoeuvring of ships (with unbalanced rudders), ship steering in shallow water and canals, measured mile trials, analysis of screw propeller efficiency, an experimental comparison of performance of model propellers working in air and in water, design of the stern of a single-screw ship and the effect of immersion on propellers.

The author discusses the failure in service of the crankshaft of a 670mm bore Doxford LBD4 marine diesel main engine, caused by cooling water leakage in way of a fuel valve, into the cylinder combustion space formed by two opposing pistons, in one of the cylinders. Any return to service by such an affected vessel usually requires removal of the crankshaft from the engine for its repair and renewal. This requires a lengthy lay-up of the ship at a dockyard and means allied costs. Using four tonnes of liquid nitrogen, the author recounts how the crankshaft of the MV Eastern Rover was successfully restored to alignment and the bearing damage repaired afloat, with full cargo intact, at Moji in Japan where the casualty occurred.

Consideration of the C3 system of a naval task force requires analysis of many aspects of force interaction. It is clear that the performance of individual parts of the task force is much less important than the effectiveness of the whole. An approach for measuring this effectiveness has been developed by Siemens Plessey Systems under contract to the Defence Research Agency (DRA). Known as Goal Analysis the approach has been applied successfully to both existing systems and proposed systems. Two examples are provided. The first is an anti-ship missile defence (ASMD) scenario in which the air defence for a force is provided by medium-range SAM (surface- to-air missile) systems on-board two anti-air warfare (AAW) ships and a carrier. The second is a proposed shore-based information system

An overview of traditional methods of ship structural inspection stresses their importance in the early identification of problems (notably corrosion and fatigue cracking) and highlights their main difficulties of cost and size of task (particularly for large ships). Recent ship casualty and loss due to structural failure is outlined and the response of the classification societies in extending their experience-based survey methods critically considered: the need to optimize ship inspection procedures is discussed for three fundamental elements: critical areas (where to inspect); extent (how much to inspect); and frequency (when to inspect). The potential for a high quality minimum cost advanced inspection process based on these findings is noted.

The paper reflects the author’s recent two year field experience being associated with shipbreaking on the west coast of India at Alang Darukhana (Bombay) and Pipav. Ship dismantling is thriving in South Asian countries. Alang in India is world’s largest centre of shipbreaking activities.Working practices on beach plots and onboard stranded ships are based on intensive manual labour. Many accidents occur at the yards with numerous fatalities and injuries. Safety improvement is the need of the hour. A safety manual has been compiled for the shipbreaking industry at Alang followed by training of safety trainers. An industrial oil reception facility and jetty is an economical proposition and beneficial to safety and environment. Implementing international ship dismantling regulations will be a major challenge. Building an integrated management system is recommended for the shipbreaking industry. Development of alternative facilities will attract a better share of the demolition market whilst complying with upcoming international standards. An existing twin dock system is described and two novel types of infrastructure for ship dismantling are presented.

An overview of maritime education and training in Chile includes details of the organisations facilities courses and examinations available to student officers and ratings of the Chilean Merchant Marine and Fisheries Service Fleets together with an outline of opportunities for the subsequent in-career theoretical technical and practical knowledge and skills updating made necessary by rapidly developing technology and the purchase of sophisticated OMBO (One-Man Bridge Onboard) and UMS (Unmanned Machinery Space) ships. The role of Engine Room Simulators (ERS) in supporting cost effective training at all levels is considered.