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Background documentation for the limit state based design criterion for buckling and collapse failure mode adopted in the Design Guideline from the SUPERB project and in the new DNV 96 Rules for Submarine Pipeline Systems are discussed. The design format is applicable to external over-pressure axial force and bending moment from combined functional and environmental loads as well as for the internal over- pressure axial force and bending moment case. The proposed design format applies a limit state and partial safety factor methodology (LRFD) with a reliability based calibration of the partial safety factors. The arguments for partitioning the partial safety factors into a confined set of load factors resistance factors and condition factors are given. The inclusion of system effects in design is described and the overall performance of the design formats is discussed.

Classification as a process began in the late 1700s when merchants required assurance about the standard of vessels in which they were shipping their cargo. The use of the Classification process by navies can be traced back to 1859. However it is only recently from about 1980 that we have seen the UK Navy make use of the commercial Classification process on ships. In the 1990s Classification Societies developed specific Naval Classification standards and processes. Classification Society Naval Rules and procedures have been applied in UK Naval platform procurement for the last six years. Class societies have found themselves trying to satisfy the conflicting needs of the naval operation naval regulator prime contractor system designer equipment supplier and even their own organisations. This paper aims to capture some of Lloyd's Register experience in a form that can be applied to the benefit of future projects. It covers a subject not normally addressed which is how to best use the Classification process to achieve an effective and affordable warship.

A cross-sectoral Ocean Council is now being established to bring together and work with the diverse ocean business community operating in the global marine environment e.g. oil and gas shipping ports fisheries aquaculture etc. This creates the opportunity for business and industry to interact in a more coordinated comprehensive way to address Corporate Ocean Responsibility i.e. operating sustainably in the shared global ocean ecosystem. For young ocean entrepreneurs the Ocean Council provides the means and opportunity to help ensure a sustainable future for the oceans through participation in a global network of private sector leaders from the ocean business community. After some introductory information a look is taken at the global ocean - global industries - global impacts on the marine environment. Next attention is given to the rules that rule the oceans and the tragedy of the ocean commons. Lastly

Maritime vessels must comply with structure and machinery requirements in Classification Society Rules. Periodic hull survey has been the traditional means for ensuring that a vessel's structure is maintained within Class and IMO requirements. Surveys typically involve visual observations aided where necessary by non-destructive testing. For hull surveys to be carried out effectively suitable means of access to the vessel's structure is required. Recently IMO amended the SOLAS requirements for means of access to vessel tanks and holds. In response IACS developed Unified Interpretations to provide vessels owners with guidance about how to meet the intent of the SOLAS amendments. Permanent means of access to spaces that require surveys include potential hazards associated with their use. Each potential hazard is safety and-or ergonomics related. The new SOLAS amendments address many of these hazards from a safety standpoint but not as effectively from an ergonomics perspective. Recognising that much of the access criteria could be refined or enhanced by the application of ergonomics criteria ABS has prepared the 'Guide for Means of Access to Tanks and Holds for Inspection' with an associated notation (PMA+).

Review articles on the cruise and leisure industry. There are sections on marketing and public relations, industry issues, creating the product, operations, safety and security, construction and design and destinations and ports. Individual articles include the topics: Public relations in the cruise industry; Niche marketing and past passenger loyalty; Cruising to a safer environment (about recycling and waste disposal); Is a non-polluting cruise industry attainable?; Huma resources - the key for future success; Quality assurance programmes; The art of entertainment; Lighting systems for cruise ships; Rising newbuilding prices - shipbroker's challenge; Modern procurement for cruise ships; Fresh water production on cruise ships; Improving customer service with computer automation; Integrated ship control; Safety rules and shipboard radio systems; New technical safety standards for passenger ships; Fire protection and passenger ship safety; Improving cabin security on passenger ships; Safety at sea developments; Turn-key contracts - the modern way to build cruise ships; Commercialising Navatek I; Stud welding in cruise ship construction; New construction materials - the surface protection; Corrosion protection - a vital necessity.

In this book, the authors have attempted to provide: 1. A large number of dimensioned illustrations which may serve as good drawing examples for students, examples ranging in difficulty from the simplest machine detail to a set of triple-expansion marine engines 2. Illustrations and descriptions of a great variety of machine details, which may assist the designer in selecting the form of detail best suited to his purpose 3. Many rules and tables of proportions, based on scientific principles or on numerous examples from actual practice, which may be useful to the experienced designer for the sake of comparison with the results of his own practice, and which may, to some extent at least, take the place of the well-filled notebook and collection of designs usually possessed by the experienced designer, but which the young engineer or draughtsman can scarcely be expected to have 4. Numerous examples showing the application of the principles of mechanics to the calculation of the proportions of parts of machines.

Though the fatigue design of ship structures is carried out according to the Classification Society Rules in which the linear cumulative damage law is applied fatigue crack damage still occurs at the welded joints. These cracks sometimes start at a very early stage in ship's service life and some of them appear as remarkably long and shallow surface cracks. In general multiple initial cracks other than single initial crack emanate randomly from the weld toes at welded joints of ship structural members subjected to variable amplitude fatigue loads and these initial cracks propagate to shallow semi-elliptical surface cracks joining with each other. A new approach to the fatigue strength evaluation of ship structures is proposed. A numerical simulation is carried out to assess the influence of the conditions of initial cracks on the fatigue strength of a ship structural member based on the proposed method. The validity of the proposed fatigue strength evaluation method is shown by comparing it with experimental results and some conclusions are drawn.

This work is intended for use by engineers who want to obtain Certificates of Competency as Second-Class or First-Class engineers. It is for either self-instruction or use in schools. It contains rules for working out problems that are presented to candidates, with model solutions of and numerous exercises to each problem. A number of examination papers are also given. The book covers mathematics relating to a variety of subjects, for example coal consumption, finding the contents of a coal bunker, effective pressure on pistons, the number of revolutions to drive a paddle wheel at a certain speed, finding the horse power of an engine, costing repairs to an engine, finding the weight to be placed on a safety valve and to calculate the heating surface in tubes and tube plates.

An improved automatic target recognition processing string has been developed. The overall processing strong consists of pre-processing sub-image adaptive clutter filtering normalisation detection data regularisation feature extraction optimal subset feature selection feature orthogonalisation and classification processing blocks. The classified objects of 3 distinct strings are fused using the classification confidence values and their expansions as features and using 'summing' or LLRT (log-likelihood-ratio-test)- based fusion rules. The utility of the overall processing strings and their fusion was demonstrated with new high-resolution three-frequency band sonar imagery. The ATR processing strings were individually tuned to the corresponding three-frequency band data. Two significant fusion algorithm improvements were made. First a non-linear 2nd order (Volterra) feature LLRT fusion algorithm was developed. Second a repeated application of a subset Volterra feature selection - feature orthogonalisation - LLRT fusion block was used. It was shown that cascaded Volterra feature LLRT fusion of the ATR processing strings outperforms baseline 'summing' and sting-stage Volterra feature LLRT algorithms yielding significant improvements over the best single ATR processing string results and providing the capability to correctly call the majority of targets while maintaining a very low false alarm rate.

The two volumes provide aspects of both ship theory and practice, from ship design to the integrated design process. The first volume (chapters 1 to 9) covers hydrostatics and strength and introduces the tools used by the naval architect, mathematical techniques, instruments and the computer. It also reviews the special hazards to which a ship is subject and the means of dealing with them. Other topics include structural design, safety factors, criteria of failure and the final chapter deals with the environment in which the ship must operate and the internal environment within which the crew must function.

Ship machinery system design is currently based on prescriptive type regulations embodied in SOLAS and on rules issued by classification societies. While these work well for designs that follow established design principles innovative design proposals call for new approaches to ensure system safety and integrity. It is argued that where first principles are applied in the design process first principles should also be used in assessing the safety of these designs. To address this a method is described that combines system analysis in the design process with safety analysis drawing on techniques such as HAZOP (hazard and operability studies) and FTA (fault tree analysis). Firstly a unified framework for the analysis of different types of flows is developed. This framework uses a common concept of failure classes. Secondly the original fault tree synthesis algorithm is extended to deal with complications caused in the traversal of the model by control loops and non-directed connections. Finally tool support is developed to enable experimentation with the proposed concepts. An example is presented to illustrate application on a typical system.

Salinity in Florida Bay is closely related to water management in South Florida. Over the last century water management activities have disrupted freshwater flows into Florida Bay affecting salinity conditions. The aim is to gather all the data available on salinity in Florida Bay into one database and make this data available to researchers and to the public via the Internet. This unified data source will help scientists to monitor the fragile ecosystem of the Everglades and to give better recommendations on water management in this area. The challenge of the project is in database design which will accumulate data collected by different groups of people who apply different methodology to data collection measuring equipment and techniques as well as different rules for data recording and formatting. The three major data sources available are: historical data; temporal ENP (Everglades National Park) data; and spatial USGS (US Geological Survey) data. Besides the aspects of database design implementation and maintenance issues are covered. The web application is also presented and this provides access to the data via the Internet in a convenient and intuitive way without special knowledge of the database query tools.

Although tubular structures are reasonably well understood by designers of offshore platforms, onshore applications often suffer from 'learning curve' problems, particularly in the connections, tending to inhibit the wider use of tubes. The intended users of this book are designers of offshore platforms, designers of significant onshore tubular structures, and engineers involved in formulating company guidelines for these applications. Chapter 1 gives an introduction to tubular structures, chapter 2 looks at the conceptual basis for the design rules, chapter 3 addresses the static strength of circular section joints, chapter 4 examines fatigue design, chapter 5 covers tubular connections involving non-circular sections, chapter 6 looks at special topics for circular section joints, chapter 7 examines special topics in fatigue and fracture control and chapter 8 covers the construction system.

The design of topside structures to resist hydrocarbon fires and explosions necessitates consideration of a range of issues not normally addressed by the designer. The work of FABIG (the Fire and Blast Information Group) is used to give an overview of the technical issues that need to be considered by a structural engineer when designing topside structures to resist fires and explosions. In particular the role of advanced and simplified methods is considered and the input requirements for these methods are discussed especially with respect to appropriate material data. The results are presented in a form that is usable by designers. The main areas covered are: elevated temperature material property design data for use in fire engineering; high strain rate material property design data for use in explosion resistant design; design methods based on codified rules and advanced techniques; developments in simplified analysis methods; outline of forthcoming FABIG technical notes.

As passenger ships become ever larger many authorities and operators have been forced to examine the stability and safety of the people on board passenger vessels including ROPAX and cruise ships. The design of these vessels has changed significantly. However prescriptive stability rules do not represent these developments. As a result the application of the IMO Weather Criterion for intact stability based on the effects of a severe wind and rolling to modern passenger vessels can result in requirements higher than the values that should be applied if correct parameters are used. The experimental study carried out by the Ship Stability Research Centre on the effect of Pod structure on roll damping and roll motion is presented. Results are presented and discussed and are followed by some concluding remarks.

One of the offshore wind turbines installed at Blyth in 2000 has been comprehensively instrumented to measure the sources of wind and wave loading and the resulting structural response. The monitoring system recently installed in Blyth is described along with the planned measurement programme. Also an overview is provided of the supporting study of shallow water hydrodynamics and reviews of design issues and certification rules for offshore wind turbines. After some background information a look is taken at the measurement system. Next hydrodynamic loading in shallow water is considered followed by offshore turbine design and certification.

Current fatigue design rules for girth welded tubes for offshore applications are believed to be over-conservative particularly for good quality welds made from only one side. In order to address this issue fatigue tests were performed under axial loading on large-scale girth welded tubes representative of tension leg platform (TLP) tendons and from small-scale strips cut from girth welded tubes or butt welded plates. The welds were made from one or both sides using a variety of mechanised welding processes. The results were used to compare the fatigue performance of one and two-sided welds to assess the influence of weld quality and joint misalignment to compare the fatigue performance of small-scale and large-scale specimens and to assess the applicability of current European and US fatigue design curves.

The use of FRP (fibre-reinforced plastics) in shipbuilding is becoming increasingly important. Fibre-reinforced thermosetting resin compounds are well established in the construction of yachts and of hulls of various craft used for commercial purposes. Elsewhere for example the construction of WIG (wing-in-ground effect craft) the structural requirements are still not fully established and the specification of requirements for verification procedures are not yet finalised. The first WIG for commercial use is currently undergoing classification. The verification concept which serves as a basis for draft guidelines for the use of FRP in the construction of WIG craft is described. This concept seeks to minimise verification efforts while ensuring an adequate level of safety. To achieve this it is recommended that the requirements for dimensioning materials and production methods as well as for inspections and periodical tests should be interconnected. The concept is based on a safety concept which takes into account failure effects. It incorporates safety and reduction factors matching the special properties of FRP. Further objectives are the formulation of dimensioning rules and requirements for inspections and periodical tests.

The 1966 International Conference on Load Line (1966 LLC) laid down rules for weathertight steel covers which have been refined by the classification societies. The design process should include primitive system demands key design considerations and principal design requirements such as strength security sealing and support. The sealing system should include the cleats horizontal restraints the seal the coaming compression bar and the drainage arrangements. The number of different parties involved in the supply of hatch covers may lead to decreased quality and other problems. In service defects are mainly caused by human error or inadequate maintenance. Remedial actions suggested include use of check lists.

The efforts of IMO in achieving the safe and environmentally sound transportation of bulk liquid chemicals are highlighted. After an introductory background the issue of what IMO can do and cannot do is clarified - IMO has no executive power. Next IMO's products the rules and regulations especially the chemical tanker legislation are looked at. In conclusion the view is expressed that when it comes to the necessary up-dating of international chemical tanker legislation IMO is on the right track and deserves support.