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The proposed new SOLAS requirements for safe design of steering gear at present under consideration by IMCO are discussed. They support the single failure criteria and require a rapid recovery of at least 50% of steering gear after a single hydraulic failure. The three main types of steering gear Rapsen slide oscillating cylinder and rotary vane are described and methods of complying with the proposed rules by system duplication or by isolation of the failed section of the system are discussed. The design of steering gears to meet the regulations is considered according to vessel type. The separate problem of designing steering systems and autopilots to maximise fuel economy is also examined and is based on minimising rudder movement and controlling the speed at which it moves.

The main logistical characteristics of postal services are presented. Postal services involve domestic and international routing of postal items and can be divided into four phases: clearance sorting transport and delivery. The operations of postal administrations can be drastically improved using modern technology. The service is organised to guarantee regular fast and correct procedures of postal routing within Slovenia and abroad. However the methods rules and even sometimes the objectives may change. New technologies developed in individual PLC (Postal Logistics Centres) lead to a hierarchical structuring of the mail with increased concentration of activities in logistics centres. In addition new transport technologies have increased the efficiency of the postal institution. For postal transfers all a number of transport means are used. The logistical characteristics of postal operations during transfer of postal mail are presented. Future research is identified to set parameters in order to enable a more detailed treatment and analysis of logistical support to transfer of postal mail and parcels.

The history of chemical tanker design operation and regulation is traced from the 1971 Lloyds Rules to-date with particular discussion of: the increasing awareness of environmental and health hazards in the marine transport of bulk liquid chemicals; the development of safe standards and practices; the essential principles of cargo containment and damage survivability; and the methodologies of containment required by the IMO International Bulk Chemical Code (IBC Code incorporated in SOLAS 74). Illustrative examples are used to describe the design characteristics of modern chemical tankers particularly: chip arrangements; hazardous locations and their protection; cargo tank types; cargo handling systems; environmental control systems; cargo control systems; fire safety; hull structure and materials. Retrofit operational safeguards and regulatory compliance are also considered.

Extensive practical experience and research into the theory of tank design and construction has been assessed in support of proposals to increase the operational frame of the fully refrigerated gas carrier and promote cost effective construction by building special LPG tankers for extended flexibility. Discussions examine: market conditions and trading patterns for cargoes (LPG NH3 VCM NGL ethane ethylene naphtha) shipbuilding of fully refrigerated gas carriers with prismatic tanks and international rules pertinent to extended use of gas carriers); the design and classification of independent tanks (Types A B and C) according to the International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk (IGC Code); the selection of ship type (standard fully refrigerated tanker special fully refrigerated tanker and semi-refrigerated tanker); and a modern ship concept for large fully refrigerated vessels including technical aspects and cost structures for building and operation

The methodology used by Shell UK Coastal Fleet to determine its criteria and principles for generating company-approved-format berth-to-berth passage plans within an electronic chart display system (PC Marine's Navmaster Professional) is explained with details of- composition of the coastal fleet; Shell UK's Passage planning criteria; rules and considerations in constructing routes (loaded and ballasted vessels); draft procedure for the passage plans project; requirements of a passage plan; the Master's responsibility with regard to passage plans benefits and considerations for their electronic generation; anticipated problems; training; using Navmaster Professional to create waypoints criteria for their position; using waypoints to define routes and calculate passage plans; updating and maintaining the waypoints and routes. A demonstration route and example of Masters Standing Orders are included.

Computer performance modelling played a central role in the development of the America's Cup winner 'Stars and Stripes'. A brief history of recent developments in 12-metre yachts is given together with a short summary of the rules constraints and weather conditions that would govern the 1987 races. Results from hydrodynamic computations and model tests were combined in the VPP (velocity prediction program) to obtain sailing speed predictions for hundreds of candidate configurations. RMPs (race model programs) probabilistic and time domain simulations of races and race series were developed to combine VPP results and wind data into win-loss probabilities for pairs of yachts. Game theory played an important role in selecting optimum configurations based on win-loss probabilities and on partial knowledge of the Challenger and Defender fleets. As an illustration of how these tools were applied the final section reviews some of the technical input that resulted in the construction of four new 12-meter yachts leading to the winning design.

An exciting addition to the "Horrible Histories" series, these titles will tackle all the hot historical topics in a new full-colour format with durable cover. Beginning with the perennial favourite Pirates, Terry Deary reveals the terrible truth behind the lousy pirate legends and lies. So forget the brave heroes swinging from masts and the handsome young men sailing the seven seas for this is history as it's most horrible! Readers can decide who was the baddest of the bunch in the top ten of putrid pirates, discover why the women pirates were just as wicked as the men and learn to talk the patter of a Pirate. Plus there are foul facts on the ships they sailed, the punishments they suffered and the rules they lived by. Now the nasty bits are at your fingertips! 10 yrs+

This book presents practical design methodology for analysing stress effects in structural and mechanical components. Drawing on his extensive experience in engineering design, the author completely reviews this broad topic from the perspective of a practicing engineer who needs quick and accurate answers to day-to-day problems. This guide contains all the data, formulas, rules, calculation procedures, tables, and charts necessary for good design engineering practice. It begins with a refresher course in basic stress analysis and mechanics of materials. Then it goes on to review the design applications of elastic strain energy and stability, dynamic characteristics, thermal effects, and fracture mechanics. This material is followed by many new practical design equations as well as graphic aids not found elsewhere in the literature. An appendix of the principal stress and deflection equations gives the reader an overview of the entire spectrum of topics and formulas covered in this book.

It is becoming imperative that The Formal Safety Assessment (FSA) studies now being conducted for the development or upgrading of future Rules are based on systematic quality management principles to avoid a wide variation in the quality and conclusions from the FSA process. The five-step FSA process is considered suitable for application of the "process approach" as per ISO 9001:2000 requirements. This application of the Quality Management Standard would ensure that the quality objectives of each of the Steps are identified and attained through use of appropriate techniques and data by the FSA team. The paper presents a proposal for the application of the above quality management methods to the FSA procedures using a 'process approach'. Typical 'Process Flow Diagrams' for the various steps of FSA process along with the quality parameters are included in the paper. A proposal for internal validation of an FSA application prior to submission to the decision makers is also covered in the paper.

A review of classification societies' changing role in light of their past functions and current demands. Topics include quality assurance applied to classification societies harmonisation of practices qualified classification societies standards and classification costs ship management certification structure of aged oil tankers and bulk carriers and high tensile stools for ship structures. Positive points are the societies' competitiveness internationalisation uniformity of rules through IACS and active participation with IMO. Recent problems include standard-lowering competition amongst each other financing through shipyards and owners which undermines independence and overlapping IMO and government regulations.

A new Rules calculation system is described which has been developed by Lloyds Register to enable the determination of classification requirements using three possible interfaces. The business drivers which resulted in the development of the system are examined. It is shown how RulesCalc provides a significant development in the design and design approval process which will benefit owners designers classification societies and CAD vendors. An explanation is given of how the mechanisms and models used by RulesCalc can be used by designers to provide efficient design analysis and other checks earlier in the design cycle than is possible using data exchange based technology such as STEP or DFX.

Conf held in London on 29-30 Sept 1987 Papers are An international issue on safe ships and cargoes Loses of ships and cargoes Recent lossed in the Scandinavian region Cargo ship losses in the North Sea Ro-ro ships; how many are suitable? Bulk carrier losses; the unanswered questions Bulk carriers; operational aspects which might lead to loss Safety through the human factor Survival capability; a consequence of safety consciousness Damage stability; research for the future New equipment concepts Classification rules for container securing Cargo stowage and securing Problems involved in LOLO container operations using non-cellular vessels Failure analysis of lashing systems Cargo securing calculations Container aided stowage and lashing stategies for containerships Bulldog clips; standards are needed Self-tightening (and slacking) lashing systems for trailers New lashing concept Securing of cargo on trailers and flats Stevedoring; planning for dangerous goods cargo care; training and education Are there lessons from avaition safety systems practice?

Fourth edition This book has been updated to reflect changes and advances in the industry. Recent developments include new standard charterparty forms, revised INCOTERMS, UCP 500 rules and BIMCO’s standard war risks clauses CONWARTIME and VOYWAR 1993. Valuable new appendices have also been added to incorporate important standard charterparty forms – Shelltime 4, Shellvoy, the Norwegian Saleform 1993 and the New York Produce Exchange form 1993. The opening chapters provide an analysis of the various different freight markets, means of communication and marketing. These are followed by discussion of sales contracts and bills of lading, types of chartering as well as freight calculations and chartering routines. Finally, the authors consider the standard charterparties available, some of the common considerations in selecting an appropriate charterparty and suitable clauses and the legal principles and common problems posed by voyage and time charters.

Chapters include: design of marine gears, including descriptions and actual designs of various companies, design classification rules, pinion deformation, deformations and stress systems in wheel tyres and wheel rims, wheel design, tooth stress calculations, dynamic loads, temperature loads, weight of marine gears, couplings, bearings, material specifications and failures, stress systems caused through diffusion in materials, tooth generating machines, machining processes, heat treatment, tooth measurements, research and testing of marine gears, ultimate loads, vibration and noise research, preservation of marine gears

The MonoBR is a MPSO - mono-column floater production storage and offloading unit - a unique platform designed to handle SCR (steel catenary risers) in a depth of 1800 m in the Gulf of Mexico oil fields whose target scenario is the ultra-deep water of the Walker Ridge. In this project special attention was paid to sea-keeping behaviour constructability and security. Stability Analyses were carried out to ensure the system's security and reliability. The development is described that was carried out by the University of Sao Paulo and PETROBRAS team in order to analyse the main stability parameters of the new conceptual design for oil production and storage the MonoBR. The main topics referred to are: the damaged and intact stability analyses the tank arrangement wind influence rules discussions the AVCG (allowable vertical centre of gravity) and damage compensation through ballast rearrangement.

PROJEMAR has experienced several different designs for the Brazilian offshore basins with a great number of them in FPSO.s. The critical point of the structural conversion of the old VLCC.s in FPSO.s is the topsides supports structural arrangement. The deck structures of tankers were originally designed for no loads on deck besides the environmental conditions. Then they have to be strongly modified to support the big additional loads from the topsides. However the free area of the hull deck gets very congested when the topside facilities are installed. Then it becomes a challenge to optimize the structural impact of the topside supports into the whole general arrangement. PROJEMAR then defined a typical VLCC hull to study the optimum topside supports in FPSO conversions. The analysis of the hull structure should address stresses buckling and fatigue. The stress and buckling criteria were based on ABS Rules for Vessels and FPSO.s. The fatigue analysis was carried out according to ABS recommendations. Three different solutions are addressed in this study: the truss supports the stools supports and the partial bulkhead supports.

These instructions are issued by the Department of Trade for the guidance of their marine surveyors in surveying fire appliances of ships for the purposes of the Merchant Shipping Acts and the Merchant Shipping (Fire Appliances) Rules 1965 as amended. They also indicate to shipowners, shipbuilders and others concerned the procedure which the Department adopts for the survey and acceptance of fire appliances. Contents include: General; Procedure for surveys; Submission of plans and acceptance of new appliances; Surveys and inspections; Fire patrols, alarms and detection; Fire pumps, fire mains, water service pipes, hydrants, hoses, nozzles, couplings and international shore connections; Fire extinguishers – portable and non-portable; Fixed fire extinguishing installations; Specialised ships, vehicles spaces, periodically unattended machinery spaces, etc.; Firemen’s outfits; Miscellaneous; Appendix.

An analysis of the advanced Aframax tanker engine room design is presented. The engine room is designed to meet Lloyd Register 98 requirements (provisional rules for enhanced availability of engineering systems for propulsion and steering). It is the basis for FMEA (failure mode and effect analysis) performance. The design is based on the application of the two prime movers and single emergency prime mover. The system enables 50% power reserve availability. It meets the R2-SA+ design requirements of the American Bureau of Shipping and could be reduced to R1-S and R1 design requirements. R1-A design of the system also enables reserve propulsion and reserve steering. The paper explores the consequences of the design of the engine room and considers the synthesis of the project solution ensuring the unification of the propulsion and steering elements.

Simple large deflection analysis which enables the yielding at a specified location to be determined has been used to explore qualitatively the nature of interactions between pressure longitudinal transverse and biaxial compression. This information provides a basis for formulating a design model which incorporates the results of available elasto-plastic numerical data for determining interaction curves for any side ratio and slenderness and for any combination of pressure and biaxial compression. Interaction curves for maximum resistance and for resistance at an average panel strain equal to the yield strength are presented. It is shown that moderate pressure has a much greater effect on compressive resistance than is suggested by current design rules.

An overview of the project to create the HNLMS Rotterdam is presented. Firstly a brief introduction is given describing how the project was executed. Then detailed information is presented on the design philosophy of the Rotterdam and the way the project developed in the course of the years from concept design to reality. Finally the lessons learned so far are considered. Special attention is paid to the logistic concept which led to the internal arrangement and layout of the ship. In addition the design of the well dock is explained as special features were added to the design to improve operations for landing craft. Extensive model tests were carried out to ensure that the well dock met the design criteria. The Rotterdam is built mainly according to commercial rules and regulations. The extent to which these regulations are implemented in the design is also discussed. A brief explanation is given about the major design decisions. The Rotterdam is the first LPD in the world with Diesel-electric propulsion.