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Background documentation for the limit state based design criterion for buckling and collapse failure mode adopted in the Design Guideline from the SUPERB project and in the new DNV 96 Rules for Submarine Pipeline Systems are discussed. The design format is applicable to external over-pressure axial force and bending moment from combined functional and environmental loads as well as for the internal over- pressure axial force and bending moment case. The proposed design format applies a limit state and partial safety factor methodology (LRFD) with a reliability based calibration of the partial safety factors. The arguments for partitioning the partial safety factors into a confined set of load factors resistance factors and condition factors are given. The inclusion of system effects in design is described and the overall performance of the design formats is discussed.

Classification as a process began in the late 1700s when merchants required assurance about the standard of vessels in which they were shipping their cargo. The use of the Classification process by navies can be traced back to 1859. However it is only recently from about 1980 that we have seen the UK Navy make use of the commercial Classification process on ships. In the 1990s Classification Societies developed specific Naval Classification standards and processes. Classification Society Naval Rules and procedures have been applied in UK Naval platform procurement for the last six years. Class societies have found themselves trying to satisfy the conflicting needs of the naval operation naval regulator prime contractor system designer equipment supplier and even their own organisations. This paper aims to capture some of Lloyd's Register experience in a form that can be applied to the benefit of future projects. It covers a subject not normally addressed which is how to best use the Classification process to achieve an effective and affordable warship.

A cross-sectoral Ocean Council is now being established to bring together and work with the diverse ocean business community operating in the global marine environment e.g. oil and gas shipping ports fisheries aquaculture etc. This creates the opportunity for business and industry to interact in a more coordinated comprehensive way to address Corporate Ocean Responsibility i.e. operating sustainably in the shared global ocean ecosystem. For young ocean entrepreneurs the Ocean Council provides the means and opportunity to help ensure a sustainable future for the oceans through participation in a global network of private sector leaders from the ocean business community. After some introductory information a look is taken at the global ocean - global industries - global impacts on the marine environment. Next attention is given to the rules that rule the oceans and the tragedy of the ocean commons. Lastly

Maritime vessels must comply with structure and machinery requirements in Classification Society Rules. Periodic hull survey has been the traditional means for ensuring that a vessel's structure is maintained within Class and IMO requirements. Surveys typically involve visual observations aided where necessary by non-destructive testing. For hull surveys to be carried out effectively suitable means of access to the vessel's structure is required. Recently IMO amended the SOLAS requirements for means of access to vessel tanks and holds. In response IACS developed Unified Interpretations to provide vessels owners with guidance about how to meet the intent of the SOLAS amendments. Permanent means of access to spaces that require surveys include potential hazards associated with their use. Each potential hazard is safety and-or ergonomics related. The new SOLAS amendments address many of these hazards from a safety standpoint but not as effectively from an ergonomics perspective. Recognising that much of the access criteria could be refined or enhanced by the application of ergonomics criteria ABS has prepared the 'Guide for Means of Access to Tanks and Holds for Inspection' with an associated notation (PMA+).

Review articles on the cruise and leisure industry. There are sections on marketing and public relations, industry issues, creating the product, operations, safety and security, construction and design and destinations and ports. Individual articles include the topics: Public relations in the cruise industry; Niche marketing and past passenger loyalty; Cruising to a safer environment (about recycling and waste disposal); Is a non-polluting cruise industry attainable?; Huma resources - the key for future success; Quality assurance programmes; The art of entertainment; Lighting systems for cruise ships; Rising newbuilding prices - shipbroker's challenge; Modern procurement for cruise ships; Fresh water production on cruise ships; Improving customer service with computer automation; Integrated ship control; Safety rules and shipboard radio systems; New technical safety standards for passenger ships; Fire protection and passenger ship safety; Improving cabin security on passenger ships; Safety at sea developments; Turn-key contracts - the modern way to build cruise ships; Commercialising Navatek I; Stud welding in cruise ship construction; New construction materials - the surface protection; Corrosion protection - a vital necessity.

The many factors which affect the final consequences of ship hull damage are random in the nature and their influence is different for different ships. For this reason probability of collision survival is taken as a measure of ship safety in the damaged condition (e.g. a measure of merit of a ship's subdivision). A general framework of the probabilistic subdivision regulations is presented highlighting the fact that indices of subdivision are the same as the mean conditional probability of collision survival known as the 's' factor. Rules for averaging this factor are discussed. Finally a link between the indices of subdivision and the mean sea state the ship can survive is highlighted. This link may help with the selection of the required values of the indices.

Despite all the new worldwide information about ice-structure interactions locating a fixed structure in the Baltic Sea is in general considered to be costly and hazardous. When discussing suitable locations of offshore wind generators along the coastline of the Baltic Sea the potential of ice loads is essential. Selected data from full-scale measurements of extreme ice pressure on structures in the Baltic Sea are discussed. Simplified empirical design rules are challenged with a proposed method using statistics on ice crushing climate and ice conditions. Indications of strong influence of structure diameter on the effective ice pressure are confirmed by results obtained from other lighthouses in the area. The results can be used in simulating ice-load probabilities for fixed vertical structures with small diameters located in the Baltic Sea.

A two-part paper which investigates the reasons for the loss of the OBO mv Derbyshire in 1980 for the purpose of examining the vulnerability of bulk carriers in general. The first part relates to theoretical studies which suggest that although field stresses in the hull of the Derbyshire complied with design rules that have not significantly changed they were dangerously large. The calculations suggest that cracking would likely occur just forward of the superstructure. The second part is based on re-interpreting available information for the Derbyshire and applying it to her sister ships to see what pattern of behaviour emerges. The conclusions of both parts are virtually the same and state that the vessels are susceptible to fatigue cracking.

Since the first applications of composite material in ship construction the main classification societies tried to establish standard procedures for the mechanical characterisation of laminates. While some of the classification societies (RIN Lloyds) provide analytical formulas for determination of minimum values in the preliminary design phases others (DNV ABS BV) make reference to experimental data only. Existing formulas for the evaluation of ultimate stresses are both linear and polynomials but all are expressed in terms of Gc the glass weight content of a laminate. New ISO standards draft for pleasure vessels constructions follow this philosophy as well; it appears then really important to evaluate the effectiveness of these approaches. The mechanical characteristic values coming out from classification societies rules have been compared with experimental data for some typical laminates used in the construction of motor yachts. The results of the comparison are presented: some substantial discrepancies have been found between theoretical and experimental values especially in the case of hand lay-up. This can lead to significant differences in the calculation of shell and beam geometric characteristics.

An introductory overview of the fundamental principles of ship safety considers an 'adequate' level of safety onboard ship to be the 'intention' of IMO Convention Agreements and Classification Society Rules: factors which can mitigate against this and reduce safety levels may include: delegation of statutory enforcement with lack of effective implementation; inadequate upkeep and maintenance of the in-service vessel; inadequate training and expertise of ship personnel. More detailed discussions examine the contributions of each of the parties involved (including the regulatory bodies the IMO and the Classification Societies the ship owners and managers and the seafarers) and identify their interests roles functions and limitations: particular attention is paid to situations in which circumstances combine to limit the intended margin of safety often with resulting disaster examples are included.

This book traces the continuing development of one of the most important specialised subsidiaries of the tanker sector. It is itself a multiplicity of sub-specialisation from the large and sophisticated liquid liners of the parcel trades, down to small vessels distributing a restricted number of products on short sea routes. The book has been divided into six separate parts. The first, central to any understanding of both the markets and the ships that serve them considers the broad groups of chemicals that are carried by sea, their origins and uses, and some indication of probable development. The second part introduces the reader to the technical constraints of chemical cargoes, the methods of assessing the hazards, and the problems of product purity and reactivity that govern the safe and efficient carriage of any cargo. Part 3 discusses ship design, including important and changing rules such as MARPOL requirements, different building materials and different designs. Part 4 describes ship operations, Part 5 traces the development of chemical/parcel tanker fleets, and Part 6 contains useful appendices, for example on the uses of chemicals.

There is widespread interest in finding better and more cost-effective ways of procuring and maintaining naval platforms. Therefore there has been a great deal of interest in examining how other sectors of industry manage their business. The continued development of classification rules to specifically address naval surface ships is updated The opportunities are described which are offered to navies and suppliers by the adoption of a different approach to standards and specifications taken from the commercial sector that can be applied without constraining innovation. However the main objective is to show how the attributes of the classification system and in particular the well-established processes that form an essential part of classification can bring benefits to a naval project by providing effective risk management throughout the supply chain.

These volumes contain a punched cards program designed for scantling automatically structures for large oil tankers (above 100,000 tons deadweight) in compliance with Lloyd's Register of Shipping Rules of 1971. They include the results obtained through calculations which have been developed during designing methods to scantle on an optimum degree large tankers, according to the punched cards program, with the purpose of making information data available that are valid for a correct selection of the steel type resulting most suited to the requirements called for. Volume I includes the description of the punched cards program for scantling structures of large tankers and the first half of diagrams for preliminary calculation of hull steel weight for large tankers. Volume II contains the second half of diagrams for preliminary calculation of hull steel weight for large tankers and examples of calculation and analysis of the result data in terms of weigh and costs for the large tankers.

These volumes contain a punched cards program designed for scantling automatically structures for large oil tankers (above 100,000 tons deadweight) in compliance with Lloyd's Register of Shipping Rules of 1971. They include the results obtained through calculations which have been developed during designing methods to scantle on an optimum degree large tankers, according to the punched cards program, with the purpose of making information data available that are valid for a correct selection of the steel type resulting most suited to the requirements called for. Volume I includes the description of the punched cards program for scantling structures of large tankers and the first half of diagrams for preliminary calculation of hull steel weight for large tankers. Volume II contains the second half of diagrams for preliminary calculation of hull steel weight for large tankers and examples of calculation and analysis of the result data in terms of weigh and costs for the large tankers.

The book attempts to formulate appropriate rationale to be adopted in designing low-energy demand systems. The fundamental principles of thermodynamics and equilibrium-seeking processes are re-examined in the context of the need for energy conservation, and the rules governing the utilisation of Second Law analytical techniques, leading to the design of cascaded energy-flow arrangements, are also described. Simple techniques for the First Law analyses of energy-flow networks are outlined and demonstrated in the form of energy audits. Systematic design procedures for the generation and economic evaluation of optimised marginal system improvement actions are also described. Chapters include: Energy and materials, Scope of energy management, Thermodynamics and other fundamental concepts, Technologies for energy conservation (solar energy, other alternative energy).

The German Joint Research Project CLEAN was established to reduce emissions from ship's machinery. National and international regulations for the reduction of emissions from marine diesel engines including NOx technical code of the IMO and Swedish rules are outlined. The background and aims of the CLEAN project (Clean and Low soot Engine with Advanced techniques for NOx reduction) are described. Germanischer Lloyd is carrying out measurements for the assessment of the exhaust gas emission behaviour of marine diesel engines on test beds and under service conditions. The equipment and procedures for NOx and particulate matter assessment are outlined and selected results presented.

The continued development of classification requirements for engine safety is described. Classification Societies implement changes to their Rules to address developing technologies and as a result of feedback from incidents and reports from the use of equipment onboard ships. The incidence and effects of crankcase explosions has led to enhanced classification society requirements for crankcase explosion relief valves and crankcase oil mist detection systems. The background to the new requirements and the issues relating to their practical application are described. An updated analysis of the recorded crankcase explosions from Lloyd's Register's records is included. The continued use of electronic controls for engine operation is another area where Classification Societies have had to enhance their safety requirements. The issues relating to safe and reliable electronic control systems and associated power actuating systems are discussed and the background to Lloyd's Register's new requirements is considered.

The use of classification societies to actively assist navies manage ship safety has been a relatively new development. In the commercial sector the services provided by class societies are within a regulatory regime that is consistent and well established across the world. In comparison navies operate under regulatory regimes - an approach that has been deemed appropriate by each national government. This variation across navies presents challenges for both classification societies and navies in managing ship safety. In 1997 DNV inaugurated its Naval Craft Technical Committee and established the first DNV Rules for Naval Vessels. Since them through its activities with a number of navies DNV has gained important experience in working with a variety of naval regulatory regimes. Naval regulatory regimes are explored in general and how DNV is engaged with them. In addition the merits of a navy with a well defined regulatory and supervisory body are discussed. DNV's experience with navies and naval regulation is then related through its challenges. In conclusion some recommendations and possible ways forward for naval regulation in the future are given.

One of the important aspects in fatigue design criteria is the introduction of Fatigue Design Factors (FDF). In this paper the definition of FDF is described first followed by a general review of FDFs in various Rules/Guides. Application of FDF in fatigue assessment of offshore structures is described in detail in this paper. The effect of FDF is addressed by calculating failure probability of fatigue limit state. It is concluded that by applying FDF the failure probability of fatigue cracking can be reduced depending on the FDF used. It also shows that failure probability however is independent of Weibull shape parameter.

Most causes of ships' collisions are due to navigator error such as improper lookout noncompliance with rules of the road and so on. Collision accidents result in not only loss of life and property but also environmental pollution. For safety of navigation it is important to prevent these human errors. In assessing collision risks and making a plan for collision avoidance manoeuvre the officer of the watch predicts future movement of encountered ships. Clarifying uncertainty of the movement with confirmation of encountered ships' navigation intention is expected to improve navigation safety. Communication using VHF Radio is an effective way for the communication. Actually carriage of AIS enhances the VHF radio communication but not enough. The VHF Radio communication still has problems in linguistic aspects and in understanding messages from VHF Radio. To clarify the uncertainty of encountered ship movement research was begun into NIESS (navigational intention exchange support system) using AIS (Automatic ship Identification System) binary messages. A prototype of the NIESS and an AIS signal generator as a test bed is developed to assess feasibility of the NIESS. The results of the user tests are presented and the feasibility of NIESS is discussed.