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The continued development of classification requirements for engine safety is described. Classification Societies implement changes to their Rules to address developing technologies and as a result of feedback from incidents and reports from the use of equipment onboard ships. The incidence and effects of crankcase explosions has led to enhanced classification society requirements for crankcase explosion relief valves and crankcase oil mist detection systems. The background to the new requirements and the issues relating to their practical application are described. An updated analysis of the recorded crankcase explosions from Lloyd's Register's records is included. The continued use of electronic controls for engine operation is another area where Classification Societies have had to enhance their safety requirements. The issues relating to safe and reliable electronic control systems and associated power actuating systems are discussed and the background to Lloyd's Register's new requirements is considered.

The use of classification societies to actively assist navies manage ship safety has been a relatively new development. In the commercial sector the services provided by class societies are within a regulatory regime that is consistent and well established across the world. In comparison navies operate under regulatory regimes - an approach that has been deemed appropriate by each national government. This variation across navies presents challenges for both classification societies and navies in managing ship safety. In 1997 DNV inaugurated its Naval Craft Technical Committee and established the first DNV Rules for Naval Vessels. Since them through its activities with a number of navies DNV has gained important experience in working with a variety of naval regulatory regimes. Naval regulatory regimes are explored in general and how DNV is engaged with them. In addition the merits of a navy with a well defined regulatory and supervisory body are discussed. DNV's experience with navies and naval regulation is then related through its challenges. In conclusion some recommendations and possible ways forward for naval regulation in the future are given.

One of the important aspects in fatigue design criteria is the introduction of Fatigue Design Factors (FDF). In this paper the definition of FDF is described first followed by a general review of FDFs in various Rules/Guides. Application of FDF in fatigue assessment of offshore structures is described in detail in this paper. The effect of FDF is addressed by calculating failure probability of fatigue limit state. It is concluded that by applying FDF the failure probability of fatigue cracking can be reduced depending on the FDF used. It also shows that failure probability however is independent of Weibull shape parameter.

Most causes of ships' collisions are due to navigator error such as improper lookout noncompliance with rules of the road and so on. Collision accidents result in not only loss of life and property but also environmental pollution. For safety of navigation it is important to prevent these human errors. In assessing collision risks and making a plan for collision avoidance manoeuvre the officer of the watch predicts future movement of encountered ships. Clarifying uncertainty of the movement with confirmation of encountered ships' navigation intention is expected to improve navigation safety. Communication using VHF Radio is an effective way for the communication. Actually carriage of AIS enhances the VHF radio communication but not enough. The VHF Radio communication still has problems in linguistic aspects and in understanding messages from VHF Radio. To clarify the uncertainty of encountered ship movement research was begun into NIESS (navigational intention exchange support system) using AIS (Automatic ship Identification System) binary messages. A prototype of the NIESS and an AIS signal generator as a test bed is developed to assess feasibility of the NIESS. The results of the user tests are presented and the feasibility of NIESS is discussed.

This book is aimed at the novice First-Aider, and is intended to be used at the time of the accident of illness. Each topic is designed to be read at a glance. Once the victim is comfortable, the book explains how you can call for assistance and hold the situation until the professionals arrive. There is also a section on survival. The book covers topics such as the Golden Rules, First Aid kits, unconsciousness, resuscitation, cardiac compression, bleeding, drowning, hypothermia, seasickness, heatstroke, head or chest injuries, choking, wounds and bruises, electric shock, burns and scalds, fractures, heart attack, stroke, asthma, allergy, diabetes, infections, fevers, convulsions, hernia, food poisoning, abdominal pain, poisons, and emergencies in pregnancies or childbirth.

The historical background to the development of safety at sea legislation and regulations that led to the UK Marine Safety Agency (MSA) developing the concept of Formal Safety Assessment (FSA) and presenting it to IMO's Maritime Safety Committee (MSC) in 1993 is outlined. The main difference between FSA and a safety case regime is that FSA is designed to be applied to shipping as a whole rather than a particular ship. FSA methodology comprises five steps: identification of hazards assessment of risks associated with those hazards consideration of alternative ways of managing those risks cost benefit assessment of alternative risk management options and decisions on which option to select. Using FSA as a tool should allow present and future regulations to be evaluated so that the severity of legislation is proportional to the risk it is designed to ameliorate. Potential applications of FSA are: control of business losses general use by government agencies or international bodies to prioritise work load use by port authorities in their role as regulator within their area of jurisdiction and use by any organisation involved in setting standards eg classification societies.

The work of the Technical Core Group convened in March 1994 to review and assess current international practice on grouted pile to sleeve connections and to propose updates modifications and improvements for inclusion in the new ISO Standard ISO 13819-2 "Petroleum and Natural Gas Industries - Offshore Structures Part 2 : Fixed Steel Structures" is reported with discussion of: the compilation and screening of a comprehensive database on static strength testing; the development of design formulae; and the evaluation of the partial resistance factor. Comparison is made with the main features of current practice set out in API RP2A-LRFD 1st Edition HSE 4th Edition Guidance Notes and DnV 1994 Rules for Classification.

Mastering welding techniques is one of the many skills required for a ship at sea. The purpose of this book is to provide guidance in the use of welding and related processes, and to be of assistance to the welder when the solution to a specific problem is needed. Chapters include those on safety (rules and regulations, training, protective equipment, check list), solutions (cutting, joining, rebuilding solutions, filler material consume, metal identification), filler materials (brazing and soldering rods and fluxes, flame spray powders, coated electrodes, welding rods and wire), welding and related thermal processes, equipment and techniques (Acetylene/Oxygen cutting, welding, brazing and heating, flame spraying, manual metal arc welding and gouging, gas tungsten arc welding, gas metal arc welding, plasma cutting), power sources and current distribution (welding machines, cables and connectors, welding current outlets), gas suppliers and gas distribution (gases, gas cylinders and handling, gas central installations) and miscellaneous information (abbreviations and welding terminology, tables and comparisons).

Design of a safe ship is by far the most fundamental goal of a naval architect; the corner stone of ship safety is intact and damage stability. Determination of what is safe, however, has been the subject of continuous and relentless endeavours by the profession as well as regulators and Class Societies. For more than two centuries the maritime industry has relied on the technical rules developed by Classification Societies as the basis for safe design as well as standards supported by the regulations set down by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and by national government. This keynote reviews past lessons, discusses the relationships between Class and Statutory Regulations and the general approach to maritime technology and innovation for ship safety with particular reference to stability through the exploitation of the outcomes from research. It also outlines some thoughts on the potential pull through of the results from research on naval architecture and ship operations.

The contents of the book are arranged in two parts. The first includes chapters on: diesel engines for stationary plants - land engines; marine diesel engines; fuels for diesel engines; thermodynamic cycles; efficiencies and the calculation of cylinder dimensions. The second part covers all the parts of a diesel engine, including bed plates, crankshafts, cylinder heads, valves, self-actuating gears, fuel injection pump, compressors. Later chapters deal with the layout and specifications for the engine room and marine engine room installations. An appendix to this deals with the Rules of Classification Societies for the construction of marine oil engines. The last chapter looks at tuning-up and testing and trials of diesel engines.

The book provides the theoretical and practical rules used in designing marine engines. It also contains drawings and photographs of the more usual types of engines at the time of publication. Only boilers of the vertical type used in screw steamers and boilers in ordinary use are dealt with, rather than special types. Contents are arranged within eight parts, which are as follows: The main engines (including determining cylinder dimensions, main engines arrangement, engine components), Pumps (air, circulating, reciprocating, centrifugal, feed, auxiliary), Shafting, resistance of ships, propellers, Pipes and connections, Steam boilers (firing, cylindrical, locomotive, water-tube, smoke box, forced draught and fittings and mountings), Measuring instruments and Various details.

The 'SafeHull' rule restatement phase of the ABS Rules 2000 project is described. This was undertaken by ABS to develop structural criteria for double-hull tankers based on a first principles approach. The philosophical concepts of the development the specified load components and loading cases are discussed followed by a review of the development of the strength criteria and strength assessment with respect to the dominant failure modes. The load components considered in the load criteria consist of still water and cargo loading external hydrodynamic loading internal hydrostatic and dynamic tank cargo loading as well as sloshing load. The dominant failure modes include yielding buckling and fatigue. The strength requirements developed in the SafeHull system focus on both initial design and design evaluation. Comparisons of the newly developed requirements with service experiences are also given to illustrate the application of the criteria.

Planing craft are high-speed marine vehicles with applications ranging from small pleasure boats to large military craft. The assessment of wave-induced impact loads on a planing hull at high forward speed conditions is reported. RANSE (Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations) are being widely used to predict the resistance and sea keeping characteristics of displacement and planing hulls. The determination of kinematics and drag of planing hulls are still evolutionary since the dynamic condition trim and draft have to be iteratively obtained. An iterative scheme coupling the fluid flow and body motion has been used to arrive at the dynamic equilibrium condition. Initial simulations are carried out in calm water to validate the solver comparing with towing tank test results. Later simulations are extended to find the motion characteristics of the vessel moving in regular head waves. The heave and pitch motions obtained from the simulations are plotted with respect to time. The wave-induced local impact loads (slamming) are quantified and compared with the classification rules requirement.

Following the introduction of podded propulsors into the marine industry the market demanded a rapid increase in size of the units from a few megawatts to where they are now in excess of 20MW. Such an increase led Lloyd's Register to undertake a major research programme into the loadings experienced by these propulsors and the way in which they are reacted by the individual components. In addition much emphasis was given to the practical problems of achieving the design intent both at the time of building and subsequently through life. The results of this work were used to update the Rules originally published in July 2003 and in developing a system of survey procedures which embraced the practical problems of initial manufacture and assembly as well as drydocking maintenance activities. This paper in conjunction with two further papers published elsewhere on the hydrodynamics of podded propulsors and another on the philosophy of developing Rule formulations for ships driven by podded summarises much of this work.

After a brief background to ekranoplanes attention is given to a modern state of development of transport ekranoplanes and immediate prospects of their practical realisation. Already today along with use of achieved results it is necessary to start to decide some actual problematic tasks of aerohydrodynamics and dynamics of ekranoplanes movement that will essentially allow the increase of their efficiency. These tasks are: 1. Methods of simulating EP during aerohydrodynamical experiments including with air blow. 2. Development of ekranoplane with higher aerohydrodynamical quality at all modes of movement - realization of AHDC of the second generation ekranoplane. 3. Development of requirements to characteristics of stability and controllability of transport ekranoplanes and development of corresponding norms. 4. Increase of ekranoplanes seaworthiness. 5. Development of training systems for EP providing qualitative preparation of ekranoplan drivers and crews. 6. Development of Rules (Sea and River Register) of classifications and constructions of transport (passenger and cargo) ekranoplanes.

The fact that human factors have not been taken into account when making rules and regulations governing ship safety in the past is highlighted together with the fact that classification societies are now beginning to consider these factors. The impact of this and the revisions to the Standards of Training Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW 95) on the need for safety aspects to be included in the training and education of seafarers is considered. The supply and demand of new officers is reviewed for the period 1995 to 2002 and a substantial shortage is predicted. The challenge that this will present to educational institutions is raised. STCW 95 also requires all maritime education and training instructors and assessors to be monitored by quality assurance system. This will also impact the current regime.

The first edition of the Engineers' Handbook was issued over half a century ago, before the days of high pressure steam, water tube boilers, turbines and marine oil motors. The publishers are confident this 21st edition will keep its place as the leading complete guide to the Board of Trade examinations for First and Second Class Certificates. The practical mathematics portion of the work has been completely remodelled to conform with the great changes that have been inaugrated in this part of the examinations. The prominent facts in connection with elementary mathematics, mechanics, heat and steam are set out in simple language and illustrated by examples. Contents include the simple rules of arithmetic, simple operations in elementary algebra, elementary mensuration, simple machines, heat, steam and power, the strength of materials, bending and torsion, and complete sets of recent examination papers for each grade.

During 1980 there were two severe accidents in the Swedish shipping industry, directly or indirectly caused by the shifting of cargo on board ships. This report is the result of research carried out concerning securing cargo at sea. It gives a survey and state conclusions of some accidents due to the shifting of cargo; the rules and recommendations concerning securing cargo on board ships; calculations of accelerations compared for different classification societies; full scale measurements of ship movements; an analysis of material properties in different types of securing equipment; conclusions regarding occurring loads and required safety factor; a survey of securing systems and equipment; calculations of lashing forces for some types of goods and covers securing of road trailers on board ro/ro ships.

For LNG carriers the hull structure has been designed and constructed in terms of applicable classification rules. However CS (containment systems) in membrane-type LNG carriers are made of very different materials and are exposed to a cryogenic environment. A numerical analysis procedure is presented to evaluate the strength of a membrane-type LNG CS. The procedure includes the idealisation of sloshing impact load as well as static and dynamic structural analyses. In this study an example analysis using NO 96 CS is presented. Three levels of structural analyses have been used for strength evaluation which include: static stress and buckling FE analysis carried out on the simplified model for NO 96 CS; linear transient FE analysis carried out on the simplified model with a dashpot system; and non-linear dynamic FE analysis considering fluid-structure interaction carried out on the fully coupled model of NO 96 CS. Results of parametric study are presented to show the effect of loading particulars on structural response. FE results identify critical locations where the structure fails. Based on acceptance criteria numerical results have been used to evaluate the structural integrity of NO 96 CS.

A new concept of ship hull structure has been developed where a complete double-skinned hull is stiffened by longitudinal girders to reduce the crossing of structural members and weld lines to a minimum for ease of welding by machine. This paper outlines the unidirectional girder system and its application to product oil carriers and focuses upon the design procedure involved. Since the hull structure is so different from conventional ships the design is beyond the scope of classification societies' rules and a design by analysis approach is necessary. An example using a 40000dwt product carrier is given. Topics include basic structural behaviour hull girder strength safety assessments and evaluations demand evaluations and capacity evaluations.