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This manual is a useful tool as a reference to quickly verify the recommended optimum carrying temperature, highest freezing point, acceptable maximum temperature upon loading, optimum relative humidity, ventilation rate, expected storage life at recommended temperature, climacteric or non-climacteric produce, ethylene production and sensitivity, recommendations and benefits of modified/controlled atmosphere and seasonal availability on different continents for numerous fruit and vegetables. The manual also includes information on havesting, handling, cooling/storage, mixed loads, and summarised storage disorders on individual products. It concludes with Food Storage Guidelines for Consumers.

The influence of different corrosion models corrosion availability philosophies corrosion control philosophies and standards on materials selection and corrosion allowance design criteria for sub-sea systems and pipelines are examined. These differ enormously from operator to operator and national authority to national authority. The result is that for the same nominal environmental conditions pipeline and sub-sea systems designs can vary enormously depending on who is the client and where the facility will be situated. Also it results in designs that would be deemed as entirely acceptable for operation in one area of the world but which would be considered as unsafe for operation in another. The nature of these influences is discussed as well as the effect on sub-sea system materials selection and corrosion allowance. Also discussed is the conceptual conflict between what can be designed for in theory and what experience tells us has actually been achieved in practice. Finally

A clamp-on ultrasonic technique to monitor liquid flow rate in wet gas pipelines for liquid volume tractions up to 10% is described. To determine the liquid flow rates two parameters are measured: liquid film height and film velocity. Special transducers based on geometrical acoustics are designed to overcome attenuation and pipe wall interference. Film velocity is determined using a cross-correlation technique. Studies are done to determine the liquid film heights and film velocities as a function of superficial gas and liquid velocities. These velocities are varied. Results are presented and discussed and conclusions are drawn. Diagrams and graphs appear on pages 306-312.

A new model for ice forces on conical structures is presented and its performance is assessed with a broad set of experimental data. As part of the model development previous analytical models of ice forces on conical structure have been critically assessed through comparison with experimental data. The new model development which recognizes the 3-D nature of ice load substantially improves model predictions. Furthermore the model is simple enough to be easily incorporated into a probabilistic methodology and provides a good appreciation of the important roles various parameters and processes play on ice force development.

The size and geographic range of fish stocks depend largely on existing hydrographic conditions which can affect fish stock population dynamics and even stock collapse. This study uses a bioeconomic simulation model to assess the economic impacts that a sudden change in the fish population dynamics would have focusing on the Barents Sea cod and capelin fisheries. The model covers a time period of a century and looks at the economic effects of changes in the population dynamic of fish stocks namely the intrinsic rate of production and the environmental carrying capacity. Cod and capelin fisheries were chosen because the cod fishery is of great economic importance in Norway and capelin are one of the main food sources of cod. Therefore changes in the Barents Sea capelin stock would have an effect on the cod stock as well.

Semi-closed bays or water areas enclosed by dikes suffer from water quality pollution frequently since an ability of water exchange in semi-closed bays is poor. Many researchers and engineers have proposed methods to improve water exchange in a semi-closed sea. However these experimental investigations were carried out using homogeneous fluid. The water exchange in homogeneous fluid depends on only a horizontal current since a vertical tidal current is very small due to barotropic pressure. On the other hand if a buoyancy effect exists the vertical tidal current is not negligible. Therefore not only the horizontal tidal current affects the water exchange but also the vertical tidal current. It is important to study the effect of a shape of a bay mouth on water exchange under stratified fluid conditions. However it is quite difficult to carry out a model experiment for tidal water exchange with stratified fluid.

The present paper introduces a concept of a hybrid riser Self Standing Hybrid Riser (SSHR) particularly in development for ultra deepwater around 3000 metres. The main problems faced in the initial definitions for design of such risers in the above scenario are discussed. A unique laboratory test with reduced model carried out in waves current and riser top oscillation experiments in a very deepwater wave tank is shown. Also experimental results are shown and discussed especially considering difficulties faced to carry out this experiment. Discussions are addressed in terms of vortex induced vibration (VIV) around buoyancy can riser line pipe and flexible jumper.

The main results of experimental tests are presented which were carried out to analyse the behaviour of a proposed mooring system for FPSO that is well suited for weather conditions characterised by a dominant swell and current and by a moderate almost perpendicular local sea and wind. The basic idea of this mooring design is to join the best characteristics of the turret and spread mooring systems to allow the FPSO to move within a specified offset so that the wave loads on the lines and on the vessel can be minimised. The experiments and the related analysis refer to the dynamic behaviour of the FPSO alone and FPSO+Shuttle tanker during offloading in extreme and operational weather conditions respectively. In the case of the FPSO+Shuttle tanker the tension on the hawser is also analysed.

Proceeding of the First Joint ISSC/ITTC International Workshop Proceedings International Towing Tank Conference 8th September 2012, Rostock, Germany Uncertainties of environmental description Dr. Elzbieta Bitner Gregersen, Dr. Kevin Ewans, Dr. Michael Johnson - ISSC Committee I.1 on Environment Uncertainties related to predictions of loads and responses for selected offshore and coastal structures Prof. Wei Qui - ITTC, Ocean Engineering Committee Uncertainties in the prediction of loads and responses for ships and offshore structures Presentation 1 : Dr. Spyros Hirdaris and Prof. Apostolos Papanikolaou - ISSC Committee I.2 on Loads Prof. Jeom Paik - ISSC Committee III.1 on Ultimate Strength Dr. Fai Cheng - ISSC Committee IV.1 on Design Principles and Criteria Dr. Ingo Drummen, Dr. Michael Holtmann - ISSC Committee II.2 on Dynamic Response Uncertainties related to seakeeping experiments and related load and response procedures Prof. Yonghwan Kim - ITTC, Seakeeping Committee Uncertainties and Reliability analysis for ships and offshore structures Prof. Purnendu Das - ISSC Committee III.1 on Ultimate Strength

Force/torque and particle image velocimetry measurements are conducted on a vectored-thruster UUV model in a water flume. The aims are to determine the hydrodynamic drag lift and moment coefficients acting on the vehicle hull for zero rudder angle and yaw angles up to thirty degrees and to measure the magnitude and direction of the thrust produced with the vehicle at a yaw angle of zero degrees and rudder deflection angles of up to thirty degrees. While the measured drag coefficient is higher than predicted by theory the hydrodynamic coefficients data are expected to be useful in predicting the response of vehicles in the field. Additionally the magnitude of the thrust vector varies nonlinearly with rudder angle and for nonzero rudder angles the thrust vector does not point in the same direction as the thruster. PIV images reveal that at rudder deflection angles of twenty five and thirty degrees the flow upstream of the propeller inlet has separated from the tail section and impinges at a large angle to the tail thereby reducing the thrust deflection angle and the total yaw moment acting on the vehicle.

The Troll A platform in the Norwegian trench rests on a huge GBS (gravity-based structure) with 36 m-deep concrete skirts. The GBS was installed by skirt penetration into a seabed of normally consolidated clay in May 1996. A comprehensive structural and environmental monitoring system has provided large amounts of data on foundation and structural performance since platform installation and is still operative. The monitoring showed unexpected pressure response in 2002 and triggered a comprehensive study including foundation behaviour from installation until today. Here firstly the monitoring system is presented with emphasis on the foundation instrumentation. Next selected pressure histories are shown and the settlement history of the foundation is discussed. After this the pressure history is analysed using a theoretical approach. Finally the learning after the pressure bleed down period is presented.

Groundwater discharge provides significant amount of nutrients and contaminants into some coastal zones. In areas with a shallow freshwater system groundwater may easily be contaminated from OSTDS (onsite sewage treatment and disposal systems) which are typically installed less than 1 m above the water table and may be flooded during heavy rains. The transport of non-point source pollution from OSTDS to shallow groundwater and ultimate discharge to surface waters could be an important source of contamination to the marine environment especially in areas of restricted circulation such as an estuary or small embayment. Although this pathway is becoming better known scientists and coastal managers alike still largely ignore it. When evaluating impacts from OSTDS on coastal waters it is important to consider the natural flux of nutrients in order to implement sound management strategies. The groundwater nutrient dynamics on a barrier island in the northeast Gulf of Mexico is examined. Methodology is described. Nutrient results show that the most efficient OSTDS on the island would be an aerobic system that was raised above the natural land elevation by approximately 1 meter.

This book covers the topics of welding instruction available from Unitor, gas distribution, welding gases, gas cylinders, decomposition of acetylene, central plant for acetylene and oxygen, gas welding equipment, welding and cutting equipment, types of joint, gas welding and brazing, filler materials for gas welding, brazing and soldering, filler materials for brazing and soldering, fluzes, thermic spraying, electric arc welding and power sources, permanent cable installations for welding current, electrical connecting components, personal protection equipment, safety regulations, electrodes, filler materials for electric arc welding, electrodes for various welding jobs, the air-arc process, underwater welding and cutting, TIC welding equipment, metal identification and what melds what.

The main battery on a nuclear submarine provides an air-independent back-up source of power while the submarine is submerged and provides power to the main DC system to enable the submarine to get back to the surface should the output from nuclear plant fail. As the submarine main DC system is connected directly to the battery the choice of battery technology will have a direct bearing on the main DC system voltage. Whatever nominal DC voltage and battery technology is chosen there will be a voltage range governed by battery charge or discharge rate and the state of charge. All equipment connected to the DC system will have to operate over this voltage range. This paper considers the influence that the choice of battery technology will have on the DC voltage selected. Options are considered and conclusions drawn.

In modern engineering design it is frequently necessary to analyse the influence of axial force and initial curvature on the flexural deflection of Euler-Bernoulli beam structures. This analysis is achieved by the DQEM (differential quadrature element method) using EDQ (extended differential quadrature). The DQEM uses differential quadrature to discretise the governing differential equation defined on each element the transition conditions defined on the inter-element boundary of two adjacent elements and the boundary conditions of the beam. Numerical results solved by the developed numerical algorithm are presented. The convergence of the developed DQEM analysis model is efficient. The theory presented can be used effectively to obtain accurate results in analysing the offshore structures.

The most recent results of an experimental research are presented. This research considers the influence of different parameters on the roll behaviour of high-speed V-shaped hulls. The dependence of the deadrise angle on the roll behaviour of V-shaped hulls in planing and semi-planing range is examined. The roll motion depends on many different parameters such as displacement mass distribution speed and amplitude and frequency of the exciting force. The study of the roll motion is achieved by the identification of the coefficients of a second order roll motion equation. The results of the two models are compared by wither considered the roll amplitude and phase or the values of the coefficients of the roll motion equation.

Although coastal current simulations are frequently carried out in various flow fields numerical models for coastal ocean current are usually based on several simplifications and approximations for turbulence models coordinate systems vertical fluid motion etc. It is therefore necessary to examine the influence of these simplifications on coastal current simulations. In most numerical models the hydrostatic approximation one of these simplifications in numerical models is used for a vertical fluid motion since a horizontal length scale of fluid motion is much larger than a vertical length scale. However the coastal currents in which the vertical fluid motion is important exist for example as coastal fronts and so it is necessary to understand the influence of the hydrostatic approximation on coastal current simulations. Although previous studies have been carried out to do this the numerical accuracy of the hydrostatic approximation under a variety of computational conditions has been poorly investigated.

Book produced to publish papers that were presented as part of the Jubilee 40 years Anniversary meeting for the Netherlands Ship Model Basin. Papers as follows: 'The NSMB - 40 years of scientific industrial service in marine technology'; 'Contributions on some current problems of ship resistance'; 'On wind resistance'; 'Recent developments in marine propeller hydrodynamics'; 'Cavitation and its detrimental effects', 'Applied mathematics in ship hydrodynamics'; 'Fish propulsion'; 'Manoeuvrability, state of the art'; Some recent advances in the prediction of ship motions and ship resistance in waves'; 'Retrospection on 15 years NSMB seakeeping activities'; 'Ocean technology'; 'Some developments in the area of strength and vibrations of ships'; 'Propeller vibratory shaft forces affected by design and environmental conditions', 'Computer-aided ship production, management and control' and 'Design and operations'.

As part of the German research project CLEAN results of research on the analysis and optimisation of emissions from large two-stroke cross-head engines are presented. Design factors are investigated and the influence of various fuel on NOx production along propeller and generator curves is analysed. A novel measurement technique has been introduced for this purpose and has provided conclusions on the local formation of nitrogen oxide soot and soot oxidation. This research has greatly improved understanding of NOx formation in large two-stroke cross-head engines and its results will be used to cut emissions in the future.

Mathematical equations of the influence of nitrogen and molybdenum on impact toughness properties of metal weld deposit are presented. Nitrogen and molybdenum are regarded as the important factors effecting mechanical properties and the metalographical structure of low alloy welds. However there is a different influence of those two elements on mechanical properties of welds. The influence of the variable amounts of molybdenum and nitrogen on impact properties of different basic electrode deposits was tested. Furthermore on the basis of the results of the influence of the variable amounts of nitrogen and molybdenum on impact properties of low to obtain alloy basic electrode deposits mathematical equations regarding those relationships have been given assuming that oxygen content and acicular ferrite in basic electrode deposits are nearly constant and amount of each is respectively 340-420 ppm of oxygen and above 65% of acicular ferrite. The results allow some preliminary conclusions on the relative importance of the various factors i.e chemical composition metallografical structrure temperature of impact toughness tests.