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The implementation is discussed of dynamic under-balance perforating in a sub-sea development which helped address environmental concerns related to flaring during perforating. Use of a new perforating system implemented on recently completed wells has resulted in a significant reduction in flaring while maximising under-balance during gun detonation. The elimination of flaring has also simplified perforating operations resulting in significant time savings. The Terra Nova offshore field is located 350 km off the East Coast of Canada. It is a sub-sea development producing from a multi layered highly faulted oil reservoir to a FPSO (floating production storage and offloading) vessel. The development plan uses high productivity producer-injector pairs in the individual fault blocks to optimise recovery. Initially standard practice was to perforate wells using multiple runs of wireline conveyed guns up to 6 runs per well. In order to maximise completion efficiency the wells were perforated in an under-balance condition. The under-balance was generated by flowing back and flaring the well at the MODU (mobile offshore drilling unit) during each wireline run. The net results were multiple flowbacks per well with diminishing under-balance for each successive perforating run due to flare rate limitations. The multiple flowbacks increased the risk for environmental incidents due to unintentional releases while flaring.

The good state of hydrological resources is the main aim of any environmental policy. Its sustainability is an important concern at any international level. Directive 2000-60-CEE is the European Union's basic instrument to manage hydrologic resources in a sustainable way. Its main objectives are the progressive reduction of pollutant spills and the achievement of a good ecological quality of superficial waters. The first objective requires registering all the spilled substances and controlling their concentration in water. In the Canary Islands it is complicated to establish the substances to be analysed since the inventory of pressures is not updated. Therefore most of the very toxic compounds are in the Monitoring Program. As for the evaluation of ecological quality biological indicators and their quality thresholds are being defined by the intercalibration exercise which is organised among states that belong to the same ecoregion. The indicators proposed for the time being may not evaluate conveniently their ecological state. This was not predicted by the Directive which did not differentiate between the diverse Atlantic regions. Nevertheless if these subjects come to a consensus the European Union will be on its way to attain the protection of one of the most valuable resources in the near future: the water.

The monoswimfin applied from 1969 led to some kind of revolution in every type of underwater sport. It resulted not only in changing the way of swimming - from "front crawl" to "dolphin" but also in sharp increasing of the speed of swimming. In 1976-77 the author of this article jointly with the specialists in the sphere of hydromechanics and hydrobionics made researches on constructive characteristics of the monoswimfin being a component of the biotechnical system "sportsman-monoswimfin" and the main mover of this system. It was necessary to identify the most important parameters of the monoswimfim construction influencing the speed (velocity) of swimming with the aim of its further perfection and optimization. Evolution of the monoswimfin as a fin mover in 1969 - 2004 has brought the creation of a more perfect and effective monoswimfin which has resulted in the growth of speed swimming for the sportsmen. A look is taken at the development of the monoswimfin from 1969 to 2004 and its benefits.

Contents: Introduction -- Making the case for digital preservation -- Understanding your requirements -- Models for implementing a digital preservation service -- Selecting and acquiring digital objects -- Accessioning and ingesting digital objects -- Describing digital objects -- Preserving digital objects -- Providing access to users -- Future trends -- Appendices: Creating a digital asset register ; Digital preservation maturity model ; Systems, tools and services. Summary: "This very practical guide, offering a comprehensive overview of best practice, is aimed at the non-specialist, assuming only a basic understanding of IT and offering guidance as to how to implement strategies with minimal time and resources. Digital preservation has become a critical issue for institutions of all sizes but until recently has mostly been the preserve of national archives and libraries with the resources, time and specialist knowledge available to experiment. As the discipline matures and practical tools and information are increasingly available the barriers to entry are falling for smaller organizations which can realistically start to take active steps towards a preservation strategy. However, the sheer volume of technical information now available on the subject is becoming a significant obstacle and a straightforward guide is required to offer clear and practical solutions. Each chapter covers the essential building blocks of digital preservation strategy and implementation, leading the reader through the process. International case studies from organizations such as the Wellcome Library, Central Connecticut State University Library in the USA and Gloucestershire Archives in the UK illustrate how real organizations have approached the challenges of digital preservation."

Satellite remote sensing is now accepted as an important means for monitoring the world's oceans synoptically. Advances in remote sensing systems have resulted in instruments which are ideal for coastal investigations such as the CZCS (coastal one colour scanner) and the AVHRR (advanced very high resolution radiometer) which generate 1 km resolution data. On the other hand higher resolution (20-30 m) imagery such as Landsat and SPOT satellites may be more useful for the coastal area. Previous studies have been successful with remote sensing using their sensors to estimate water quality parameters (Chl.a (chlorophyll-a) SS (suspended solid) and SDD (Secchi disk depth)) in coastal waters. However these sensors have a few problems with spatial and radiometric resolution. Since the new satellite sensor 'ASTER' has high spatial spectral and radiometric resolutions its data can be much more useful for monitoring in coastal areas. ASTER data is compared with in-situ data (buoy data or ship data) for the estimation of sea surface temperature or surface chlorophyll-a concentration as first step to assess coastal environments using high-resolution satellite sensors. The preliminary study of monitoring for turbid coastal waters using a high-resolution satellite sensor Term-ASTER (advanced space-borne thermal emission and reflection radiometer) launched in December 1999 was examined. ASTER data buoy data and in-site water quality data (SST (sea surface temperature) or chlorophyll-a concentration)

3rd International Marine Systems Design Conf held Pittsburgh 8-10 June 1988 Papers are The subcavitating/supercavitating hybrid propeller An advanced method for design of optimal ducted propellers behind bodies of revolution Optimal hull forms for fishing vessels A knowledge-based system architecture for control of underwater vehicles Roll reduction by rudder control An integrated rig management system for a semisubmersible floating production vessel Computer aided navigation system (CANSY-II) Evaluation of impact loads associated with flare slamming Surface effect ship loads; lessons learnt and their implications for other advanced marine vehicles Advanced ship structural design and maintenance Methods of incorporating design for production considerations into concept design investigations Achieving customer and marketing orientation in marine transport system design Incorporating a seakeeping capability in a computer aided preliminary design system Hull form design - only a matter of the computer ? The components of the propulsive efficiency of ships in relation to the design procedure Design conception and CAE/CAD of hull form Direct curve and surface manipulation for hull form design Intelligent computer aid in marine design and ocean engineering Ship synthesis model morphology Teaching design for students of marine technology Operational aspects in ship design; the case of the roll on/roll off vessel The productive experience of 3D CAD/CAM techniques applied to ship design and construction A new concept for neat fit ship propulsion

Flexible pipes have been used for many years in offshore applications for the transportation of crude oil gas and water. Such structures are subjected to mechanical loads due to tension high internal pressure and dynamic motions which are sustained by the use of high-strength carbon steel wires. The steel wires are located in the annular space that may contain water and acid gas (CO2 H2S) which can be detrimental for steels. For that reason risks of SSCC (sulphide stress corrosion cracking) and HIC (hydrogen-induced cracking) are considered. Moreover for dynamic conditions presence of corrosive environment in the annulus could significantly reduce the fatigue performance of flexible pipe compared to air environment. The annulus composition is calculated using a permeability model that has been validated with medium-scale tests full-scale tests and field cases. In parallel corrosion and corrosion fatigue studies have shown that the annulus of a flexible pipe is a very confined space with over-saturation in iron and no renewal of oxygen. This results in a higher pH much lower corrosion rates and less HIC and SSCC than one would expect based on normal environments. Firstly after a short description of flexible structure the different results obtained during small-scale corrosion and corrosion fatigue tests are presented demonstrating the particularities of the annular space that limit corrosion. Secondly

The combination of high external pressures high operating temperatures and high levels of insulation places demanding requirements on the insulation coating of subsea flowlines that transport untreated produced fluids from a wellhead. Conventional wet coatings may not be able to provide the levels of insulation performance required to meet these criteria. In these circumstances the flowline must be made using a PIP (pipe-in-pipe) construction with dry insulation material in the annulus of the PIP. A large number of PIP systems have been installed throughout the world. Of these a small number have been installed using the reel installation method. CSO successfully completed the installation of the pipeline and umbilical for the BP Nile Project in January 2001. The challenges which had to be overcome for the BP Nile Project are described particularly from the standpoint of the reeled PIP design materials and fabrication. The innovative methods used to extend the PIP system for ultra deepwater depths of 2000 to 3000 meters or more are also described. These methods include detailed finite element design tools the provision of bulkheads to help in load transfer within the PIP system and the design and testing of innovative buckle arrestors. The active heating system is also described. This provides substantial improvements in flow assurance performance particularly for deepwater riser systems.

HFR (high-frequency radars) use HF waves (3 MHz to 30 MHz). They interact strongly with the sea surface and consequently are well suited to carry out remote sensing of the sea. Moreover HFR coverage is not limited by the radio horizon: it is possible to keep watch over the sea up to few hundred kilometres from the coast line (surface wave mode) or up to few thousands kilometres (space wave mode). Two wavelet-based processing are proposed in order to improve the detection and the sea clutter extraction. The two types of HF radar can both be used to derive oceanographic parameters (wave height surface current velocity wind direction and wind velocity) since HF waves strongly interact with the sea surface. The result of this interaction is the so-called sea clutter which is characterised by the sea spectrum. The first is HFSWR (high frequency surface wave radar). The second is the OTHR (over the horizon radar). Connection between sea clutter and oceanographic parameters is briefly described. The effects of ionosphere on the sea spectrum are also described. The proposed processing is related and results are detailed conclusions are drawn and future work is identified.

Table of Contents Contributors / v Preface / ix Ian K. Steele, "Introduction" / 1-13 John F. Bosher, "The Gaigneur clan in the seventeenth-century Canada trade" / 15-51 Nuala Zahedieh, "Credit, risk and reputation in late seventeenth-century colonial trade" / 53-74 R.C. Nash, "The Huguenot diaspora and the development of the Atlantic economy: Huguenots and the growth of the South Carolina economy, 1680-1775" / 75-105 Johannes Postma, "Breaching the mercantile barriers of the Dutch colonial empire : North American trade with Surinam during the eighteenth century" / 107-131 Olaf U. Janzen, "A Scottish venture in the Newfoundland fish trade, 1726-1727" / 133-153 Aingeru Zabala Uriarte, "The consolidation of Bilbao as a trade centre in the second half of the seventeenth century" / 155-173 Daniel A. Rabuzzi, "Cutting out the middleman? American trade in northern Europe, 1783-1815" / 175-197 Silvia Marzagalli, "A vital link in wartime: the organization of a trade and shipping network between the United States and Bordeaux, 1793-1815" / 199-219 Anna Agnarsdóttir, "The challenge of war on maritime trade in the North Atlantic : the case of the British trade to Iceland during the Napoleonic wars" / 221-258 Henry G. Roseveare, "Merchant organization and maritime trade in the North Atlantic, 1660-1815 : some reflections" / 259-267

Table of Contents Lewis R. Fischer and Adrian Jarvis, "Introduction" / xi-xiv Contributions Lewis R. Fischer and Peter N. Davies, "Gordon Jackson: An Appreciation" / 1-12 Adrian Jarvis, "Port History: Some Thoughts on Where it Came from and Where it Might be Going" / 13-34 Graeme J. Milne, "Port Politics: Interest, Faction and Port Management in Mid-Victorian Liverpool" / 35-62 David J. Starkey and Richard Gorski, " ‘Our Little Company:’ The Wilsons and North Eastern Railway Shipping Company Limited, 1906-1935" / 63-88 Carol Hill, "The Changing Functions of a Rural Port: Dumfries, 1700-1850" / 89-110 Malcolm Tull, "Australian Ports Since 1945" / 111-138 Peter N. Davies, "Aspinall, Cornes and Company and the Early Development of the Port of Yokohama" / 139-158 Frank Broeze, "Dubai: From Creek to Global Port City" / 159-190 Lars U. Scholl, "New York’s German Suburb: The Creation of the Port of Bremerhaven, 1827-1918" / 191-211 Poul Holm, "Capital and Labour in the Port Town of Esbjerg, 1945-1999" / 213-228 Lewis R. Fischer, "Port Policies: Seaport Planning around the North Atlantic, 1850-1939" / 229-244 Lewis R. Fischer (compiler), "Gordon Jackson: A Bibliography" / 245-250

The main objective of the present paper is to numerically examine the residual ultimate strength characteristics of steel plates with longitudinal cracks under axial compressive actions. The present paper is a sequel to the author’s previous paper [Paik,J.K.,2008. Residual ultimate strength of steel plates with longitudinal cracks under axial compression—Experiments. Ocean Engineering 35,1775–1783]. In contrast to the previous paper, the present paper deals with nonlinear finite element method investigations. Because the test programme is usually limited to a few test models in number for many reasons, the application of nonlinear finite element methods is often more beneficial to handle a more variety of parameters of influence. In the present paper,the insights developed from a series of ANSYS nonlinear finite element method computations are documented, where the effects of the crack orientation,the crack location, the crack size, the plate thickness, and the plate aspect ratio on the residual ultimate strength of steel plates with longitudinal cracks under axial compression are discussed. The insights developed from the present work will be useful for cracking damage-tolerant design of steel- plated structures and also for health monitoring or condition assessment of aging steel-plated structures with cracking damages.

Container ports are complex dynamic logistic systems consisting of a number of different interacting container terminals and berths. Container handling terminal efficiency is an important issue because of the great competition among container terminals and ports. Two major goals of port planning are the full use of berths and the terminal management of ship-to-shore or ship-to-ship operations. Since both container ships and container port facilities are very expensive it is best to use them as intensively as possible. The main problem in using analytical modelling for container terminals is that they lose detail and flexibility so that they simplify the real situation. However simulation modelling is better than analytical modelling in representing the random and complex environment of container terminals. Simulation modelling is in particular best suited for the presentment of processes at the container terminal especially when several parameters and scenarios need to be included into the investigation. A combination of analytical and simulation modelling of ASBL (anchorage-ship-berth link) is given based on the statistical analysis of container ship traffic data. The implementation of this procedure leads to the creation of a simulation algorithm that captures ABSL performance well. Simulation modelling is also combined with analytical methodology. All the main performances of the ABSL are given. The efficiency of operations andX37342 Simulation and control of an IC engine/generator auxiliary power unit for use in a series hybrid electric vehicle

Underwater acoustic communications presents unique challenges that are being overcome with advances in signal processing algorithms and related hardware technologies. The accurate simulation and performance comparison of various algorithms is essential for building an optimised and robust communications system. Results are reported of a detailed simulation study of an underwater acoustic communications system that is capable of achieving high data rate in a shallow oceanic channel. The study brings out the relative contributions of some of the processing blocks towards SNR gain and achieves the desired bit error rates for realistic environment scenarios. The rate at which data can be reliably transferred is ultimately limited by the characteristics of the underwater acoustic channel. The transmitted signal can be reflected and scattered from the surface and bottom and refracted by variations in the acoustic velocity profile. The channel properties change with time so the received signals can suffer severe and rapid amplitude and phase fluctuations. A realistic channel model based on Rayleigh fading is used. A model for underwater shallow oceanic channel and its simulation are presented. An overview of the communication system and the basic blocks like the modulator demodulator channel equalizer error control coding and LPI which are required to simulate the entire communication system are provided. Integrated simulations for the communication system and the results of these simulations are discussed. The data rates achievable with various modulation schemes under different scenarios are discussed. X35411 Simulation study and field measurement for mitigation of slugging problem in the Hudson Transportation Lines

Conf was held in November 10-12 1987 in Aberdeen Papers are Sources of funding for research and development in oil and gas technology The funding of the Hydra-Lok swage pile connection development The drill support tooling module project Review of standards codes requirements and regulations - their impact on under- water projects Standardization - Norweigian experience by Nifo-Norsk Industriforening for Oljeselskap Code of practice for the safe and efficient operation of remotely operated vehicles Adapting ROV operations precedures to today's market Using project management as a tool-a necessity in today's underwater contracting industry The CSWIP scheme; a personal view from the Chairman of the Board Higher efficiency through improved diver transportation Standards for underwater breathing apparatus Monitoring of bacterial status and antibacterial cleaning of saturation diving systems HYDRA 8; Pre- commercial hydrogen diving project Diver selection for deep dives (below 300 msw) Saturation diving; diving deeper than 300m Mathematical modelling of tissue bubble dynamics during decompression An evaluation of automatic recording of commercial air-diving data Civil engineering working practices and standards The future of diver training

In recent years oil companies have included subsea processing as an option in many early phase field development studies including deepwater fields. This increasing attention is due to the potential for significantly improved field economy of subsea field developments including both new field developments and de-bottlenecking of existing infrastructure. Deepwater fields introduce additional challenges compared to more moderate water depths. Yet the benefits with respect to improved flow conditions in many cases makes subsea-processing concepts like boosting and water removal even more attractive for deep waters. Here a look is taken at how subsea processing can mitigate physical or economical constraints in field developments. To substantiate this results from some of the studies that have carried out are presented. A number of field development studies that have been done within FMC Kongsberg Subsea as basis for discussion of added value through subsea processing are used here. The studies are presented in a generic format but with sufficient information to show how subsea processing is improving the field development concept in each case. Also briefly discussed are the obstacles that are met at present when subsea processing is proposed as an alternative. Due to limited field-testing experience decisions in favour of subsea processing may be difficult to achieve. On the other hand without support from oil companies further large scale testing is not possible. This dilemma needs to be overcome to bring subsea processi96972 Subsea processing solutions

The engineering consulting company Safety at Sea was set up to exploit technology developed at the University of Glasgow and Strathclyde. A process known as TSA (total stability assessment) is used with this technology to develop a niche in the upgrading of ro-ro vessels to SOLAS 90 and the Stockholm Agreement. This process includes damage stability upgrading using commercial static stability software in conjunction with numerical simulations of the dynamic behaviour of the damaged ship before progressing to the physical damage survivability model tests. Once an upgrade solution has been optimised a physical model for damage survivability is built for testing in a towing tank. Using this approach nearly 70 vessels have been tested (80% of the north European ro-ro fleet needing upgrading). The practical application of TSA is shown through a comparative study addressing ro-ro damage survivability based on SOLAS 90 Stockholm Agreement numerical simulations and physical model tests. It is also demonstrated how the correct application of TSA is conducive to optimal and inexpensive solutions effectively reducing the average cost of upgrading to Stockholm Agreement to that of upgrading to SOLAS 90 for the majority of ships tested to date.

In recent years there has been growing demand in international agreements and fora for integrating environmental objectives into fisheries management often called an 'ecosystem approach'. The concept is still under development and there is an ongoing debate about what such an approach means and how to implement it. It is clear however that it does not mean managing the marine environment in all its complexity but rather just managing its sustainable use. It is also clear that while more research is needed we already have sufficient information to apply an ecosystem approach in several existing contexts to alleviate impacts on the marine environment. The case is made for decentralising management and harnessing co-management to facilitate an ecosystem approach. In defining appropriate levels of fishing mortality for non-target species (plus acceptable levels of habitat disturbance) it will also be necessary to identify indicators set thresholds and run monitoring systems for tracking them and evaluating the success of measures applied. These needs in turn call for more extensive environmental assessment and judicious application of the Precautionary Approach. Some case studies of the ecosystem approach in action are given. Practical application does not necessarily restrict fishing opportunities. Prudent review of the Common Fisheries Policy in 2002 could give an enormous boost to the ecosystem approach. The financial resourcing of applying the approach is a major challenge and a novel way of funding it in New Zealand is described.

A project to develop an extremely highly efficient gas engine was launched in 2005 by MHI and JGA. The aim of the project was to achieve a generating efficiency of 48% and 50% with a combined system in the 8MW class gas engine. A prototype gas engine with V18 multi cylinders was built. The base engine for this project was the Mitsubishi MACH-30G an ultra lean burn 4-stroke gas engine with pre-chamber which was developed in 2002. A new concept for the control of fuel-air mixture and combustion was introduced in the developed engine to improve efficiency as well as the technologies already developed in the conventional engine MACH-30G such as the fully electrically controlled system for pilot fuel and gas and the combustion control system with pressure sensors mounted on every cylinder. In this development the latest technologies are used effectively. These include: TOMO graph of AVL (the optical visualisation of combustion); FID (flame ionised detection) combined with high-speed cylinder gas sampling and CFD with FIRE for the simulation of mixture distribution in cylinder in order to grasp the phenomenon in cylinder in detail. The observation into the cylinder and its devices provides important information for the improvement of combustion. Results of test procedures are presented. For 50% efficiency two types of combined system are evaluated: the hybrid turbocharger and the steam injection into cylinder.

Marine reserves areas permanently closed to all fishing are frequently proposed as a tool for managing fisheries. There are many fisheries benefits claimed for reserves and extensive field research confirms the benefits. Encouraged by these results many countries and states have embarked upon initiatives to establish networks of marine reserves. However reserves remain highly controversial among fishers and fishing industry bodies who argue that fishery benefits remain unproven. In the last three years there has been rapid growth in the number of cases where fisheries have been shown to benefit from reserves. This body of evidence is critically analysed drawing upon studies of reserves and fishery closures. Fishery managers have long used fishery closures areas temporarily closed to fishing for one or more species or to specific fishing gears. They are used to help rebuild depleted stocks reduce gear conflicts protect vulnerable life stages of exploited species or protect sensitive habitats from damaging gears. Such areas can tell much about the potential effects of marine reserves. Experiences are described that prove that success of marine reserves is not contingent on habitat type geographical location the kind of fishery involved or the technological sophistication of management. There is strong evidence that with the support of local communities marine reserves offer a highly effective management tool. However