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The FSA (Formal Safety Assessment) method developed for the systematical (formal) definition and evaluation (assessment) of risks and their elimination or mitigation is described with attention to its historical background basic terminology and the IMO recommended guidelines/stages for its application. A research study in which FSA methodology is used to quantitate the risks to crew environment and owner in the event of failure of a marine 2- stroke diesel main propulsion engine is reported with details of - the scope of the study; the selection of the Suezmax tanker and Capesize bulk carrier (both of which normally use 2-stroke diesel main engines) as suitable ship types on which to base the study; the choice of Sulzer RTA68T-B (single screw propulsion) and RTA48T-B (twin screw propulsion) engines as appropriate for the study; the application of FSA general considerations and costs methodology input data and assumptions risk calculations; risk minimising options notably redundancy measures (including single screw ship conventional maintenance single screw ship reduced maintenance single screw ship with power take in twin screw ship); cost-benefit assessment; and sensitivity criteria. Findings are presented and discussed.

Two Swedish research projects concerning lightweight ship building LASS (Lightweight construction applications at sea) and DIBS (Design basis for fires at sea) jointly conducted large-scale fire tests in December 2007. The tests were also supported by a DNV-led subgroup within the EU-project SAFEDOR. For the experiments a two bed cabin and corridor RoPax replicate surrounded by a properly insulated FRP (Fibre Reinforce Plastic) composite superstructure were built in the SP fire lab in Boras Sweden. All materials used (bedding materials flooring materials etc) except the composite were materials one would expect to find on a standard RoPax vessel. Further was a realistic amount of luggage placed in the cabin. Fire was initiated by igniting a small wood crib placed in the lower left hand side cabin bed. The intensity and duration of the fire that developed when the cabin door was left open and the sprinkler was disconnected was somewhat surprising. The main idea of the project was to design experiments to resemble possible fires in a RoPax cabin. The objectives were to study design fires e.g. fire development and influence of sprinklers ventilation etc and to evaluate the behaviour of a composite structure under realistic fire conditions.

The reliability of main propulsion systems on board ships is essential to ship safety, seaworthiness and the ability of a ship to maintain proper schedules. Recent damage statistics suggest there is a steadily growing number of cases of serious engine and machinery damage due to the poor quality, stability or variations in grade and handling of the marine heavy fuel oil used for these systems. This Guidance has been prepared to help combat the problem: it will serve as a useful reference for ship operation and ship design, and provide fundamental data and information when ISO 8217 is reviewed in the future. Sections cover detrimental elements in fuel oil and diesel engine failures (examples of abnormalities caused by fuel oil), reliability and durability of diesel engines vs marine fuel oil (abnormalities in machinery plants, abnormalities caused by sulphur contents, abnormalities of piston rings and cylinder liners due to catalytic fines, abnormalities due to asphaltene and vanadium, desirable properties of fuel oil), problems related to bunker supplies and receptions and responses (marine heavy fuel oil, bukering for ships in service), problems related to shipboard storage and processing of heavy fuel oil and responses (current state of shipboard fuel oil processing, desirable shipboard fuel oil pre-treatment system, responding to fuel oils not confirming to specifications).

HCCI (homogeneous charge compression ignition) is a mode of combustion in internal combustion engines in which premixed fuel or air mixture is burned spontaneously. This process has great potential to improve fuel consumption and NOx emission reduction. In order to control the heat release rate to acceptable levels the engine must be operated at high dilution levels. This has to be sufficient that the engine can operate essentially unthrottled; the result is a significant reduction in pumping work which leads to fuel economy. In the HCCI combustion process chemical kinetics governs combustion phasing and engine operation but inhomogeneity only has a moderating effect on combustion. Here a single zone zero dimensional thermodynamic model coupled with chemical kinetic equation has been developed using a computer program with MATLAB software to predict combustion characteristics. This model is used to predict the principal parameters of controlling auto ignition optimum combustion phasing and optimum working points. The cycle is simulated with a variety of fuels such as natural gas DME blend of natural gas and DME and PRF (primary reference fuels). To highlight the feasibility of using HCCI engines instead of conventional Diesel engines a standard COP (continuous operation cycle) was investigated and LCC (life cycle cost) and NOx levels are compared.

Environmental consequences due to oil spills are disastrous - like the Prestige catastrophe in 2002. Therefore oil-combating systems must be developed which are capable of operating in rough seas. The design and optimisation of an SOS (seaway independent oil skimming system) are presented. The principle of the system is to separate the wave damping from the skimming process without using moving parts. The system consists of a solid pontoon with a bow segment (inverse ramp) and an integrated collection tank (moon pool). The skimmer glides over the oil polluted water surface smoothing the waves. Subsequently the oil flows beneath the bow segment to an inlet slit where a separation blade guides the oil film into the moon pool. Inside the moon pool a vortex develops behind the bow segment separating the oil from the main flow and transporting it to the free surface of the moon pool where it is pumped off. CFD (computational fluid dynamics) calculations and model tests at different scales (1:9 1:15 and 1:22) with and without oil layer have been carried out. Based on results at different speeds and random seas the geometry of the separation blade and the moon pool are optimized. Oil tests yield an efficiency of the skimming process up to 90 percent in random seas and up to 95 percent in calm water. The assessment of the system includes tests with the skimmer integrated into the carrier vessel MPOSS (multi-purpose oil skimming system).

Deepwater oil and gas fields usually have seabeds of soft sticky clay. A popular strategy for developing deepwater hydrocarbon reserves is the use of steel catenary risers to a floating production vessel both for well production and processed fluid export purposes. Experiments are described which were completed in June 2000 as part of the STRIDE JIP - Steel Risers in Deepwater Environments. These experiments investigated the interaction between a soft clay seabed and a SCR (steel catenary riser). ROV surveys of deepwater SCRs attached to floating production vessels have shown that they can cut deep trenches into the seabed. A set of objectives are identified and to achieve these the seabed end of a deepwater SCR was simulated using a 360-foot long 6-inch diameter steel pipe hung as a catenary across the soft seabed of a tidal harbour. A particular harbour location was found that had seabed properties similar to those of a deepwater Gulf of Mexico seabed. The top end of the pipe string was then actuated with carefully controlled wave and vessel drift motions to simulate a spar platform in 3300-foot water depth. Results are given and discussed and conclusions drawn. Photographs graphs and diagrams appear on pages 6 to 9.

The diffraction theory originally developed for one bottom-mounted vertical circular cylinder is generalised to be applicable to arrays of cylinders such as the columns of a TLP (tension-leg platform). To demonstrate the usability of the present method the wave field and corresponding wave loads for an array of four bottom-mounted vertical cylinders are investigated. The present method provides an approach to analyse ocean engineering structures under extreme (survival) wave conditions. It is known that the frontal wave of tsunami can be described as a solitary wave. The solution strategy employed here uses the Laitone solution of Boussinesq equations to investigate the second order solitary wave interactions with four cylinders arranged in a square shape. The major concern is the transient hydrodynamic forces on each cylinder and the free surface elevation in the vicinity of the structural members. The solution is computed by means using the finite element method. Firstly the governing theoretical background is reviewed. After this the finite element procedure applied to the governing differential equations is briefly described. Investigations employing the numerical model include the interaction of a second order solitary wave with an array of four cylinders. The wave field and hydrodynamic forces are then analysed for different angles of incidence.

ARTICLES Broeze, Frank. “The Political Economy of a Port City in Distress: Hamburg and National Socialism, 1933-1939” XIV, 2, 1-42 Laurent, Jerome K. “‘And Cut Throat Competition Prevented:’ Concentration and Control in Great Lakes Transportation, 1915-1940” XIV, 2, 43-84 Butcher, John G. “Getting into Trouble: The Diaspora of Thai Trawlers, 1965-2002” XIV, 2, 85-121 Hahn-Pedersen, Morten. “Local Entrepreneurship in the Danish Offshore Industry: A Case Study on Henning Kruse and Esbjerg Oilfield Services Ltd.” XIV, 2, 123-143 Moring, Beatrice. “Nordic Coastal Communities in Historical Perspective: The Interaction of Economic Activity and the Household” XIV, 2, 145-165 Vanfraechem, Stephan. “The Antwerp Docker between Militantism and Pragmatism, 1900-1972” XIV, 2, 167-180 Walenciak, Agnieszka and Roe, Michael. “The Development of the UK-Poland Liner Shipping Trade between 1919 and 1989” XIV, 2 181-206 RESEARCH NOTES Khiun, Liew Kai. “Of Lives, Lungs and Limbs: Workers at Sea and Onshore in the Twentieth Century” XIV, 2, 207-224 Tripati, Sila; Gaur, A.S.; Sundaresh; and Bandodker, S.N. “Marine Archaeological Explorations Off Goa, India” XIV, 2, 225-245 FORUM: NEW APPROACHES IN NORDIC MARITIME HISTORY Dalsgaard, Søren. “Maritime History: The Case for Further Contextualisation” XIV, 2, 272-283 Holm, Poul. “Introduction” XIV, 2, 247-248 Nielssen, Alf Ragnar. “Small Coastal Communities in Northern Scandinavia and their Environmental Adaptation” XIV, 2 265-271 Poulsen, Bo. “The Renaissance Sea: Perceptions in Danish and Norwegian Topography” XIV, 2, 284-292 Rheinheimer, Martin. “Biographical Research and Maritime History” XIV, 2, 249-264

Int conf held in Hamburg in 1978 Papers are Oil recovery system for open sea use - the springsweep system Prevention and abatement of oil pollution Current US coast guard technological developments relative to the detection control and clean up of oil spills Swedish philosophy and technical solutions for combating oil spills at sea Practical experience of oil spill clean up with reference to recent major incidents Application of oil spills dispersants by aircraft Oil spills US government policy and cooperation with the American society for testing and materials Methods of recuperating and storing oils accidentally spilled on water Application of an oil spilled compuyrt model to Narragansett Bay and Thode Island Sound SEA trials of the One Hundred Ton oil recovery vessel for Bantry Bay Oil spills chemicals - when where how An international oil spill contractor Hyde oil/water separation systems - a new approach to binary non miscible liquid separation Practical experience of using petroleum products in the fight against marine pollution Possible methods of identification of oil spills The development of oil Mops dynamic skimmer The use and selection of sorbents in oil spill clean up Oil content monitoring in ships bilge and ballast water discharges and eliminating measurement errors caused by suspended solids Identification of ships responsible for oil releases by means of oil residue tagging

TNO developed a prototype NEEBA (net environmental - economic benefit model) that can assist in choosing the optimal response option in a particular oil spill scenario. Five response options are considered. Several spill scenarios have been worked through with the TNO NEEBA model. The response option 'shore line clean-up' (let the oil wash ashore) is one option in the case of heavy viscous oils. Two concepts are introduced with respect to 'shore line clean-up': moving a damaged vessel closer to the shore so that should the heavy fuel oil be released and beach it will impact a shorter length of coastline; and if heavy oil is spilled offshore it may be better not to take the more expensive and or ineffective options of trying to recover or treat it at sea but rather let it come ashore where it can be dealt with in a more cost-effective manner. It is concluded that to optimise this response option one should try to let the oil wash ashore under controlled conditions. This is possible in cases where a damaged tanker still containing heavy oil is involved. Such a damaged tanker should be brought as close as possible to the coastline in order to concentrate the oil spill on the coastline. This option requires preparation in the form of coastal sensitivity mapping. Secondly permission needs to be obtained from a municipality to bring a leaking tanker closer to their coast line.

Many studies on long-term changes in zooplankton abundance and species composition for the European shelf seas have been based upon data collected by the CPR (continuous plankton recorder). The CPR consists of a towed body which is deployed from ships of opportunity along commercial routes. Data from the CPR survey over the past 40 years have shown that the abundance of copepods in many parts of the North Atlantic has declined indicating geographical shifts in the plankton communities. Because the CPR does not sample all zooplankton species with equal efficiency these observations may give a biased view of the overall changes. Here we compensate for CPR under-sampling by using previously published species-specific correction factors derived from comparison of catches may with WP-2 ring-nets and the CPR. The results indicate the importance of smaller zooplankton species in the ecology of the Northwest European shelf. The changes in community structure may have general implications for energy transfer efficiency to higher trophic levels and for the sustainability of fisheries resources. Materials and methods are presented and results presented and discussed.

Unexploded ordnance and sea mines threaten the freedom of the seas especially the freedom of naval manoeuvre in littoral waters. Sonars are used to locate classify and image underwater objects. Sonar detects these objects underwater using their acoustic reflectivity properties. The target strength of an insonified object defines the fractionof the incident sonar signal that is reflected or scattered backwards by the object. In general the target strength of underwater objects is aspect dependent so measurements are required over a complete 360-degree range of insonification angles. To achieve this for inert ordnance and exercise mines a monostatic sonar where the acoustic source and receiver are collocated at a large distance from the object is fixed and the object is slowly rotated about its vertical axis in a dam environment. For each insonification angle the echo returned from the object is composed of a number of components corresponding to discrete reflective regions or highlights on the object. Recent advances in ultra wideband sonar transducer technology enable these components to be resolved in the time domain. A further advance is to apply tomographic reconstruction techniques to the echo data to form an acoustic reflectivity map of the object. The map shows the shape of the object and the positions of various acoustic highlights. It is concluded that computed tomography is a valuable tool for analysing the spatial reflectivity of underwater objects.

Increased tourist trade and pleasure boat activities in the Ionian Sea have led to new constructions and expansion of existing marina facilities. A new site selected for marine development is on the island of Lefkada near the main town of Alykes. This area had previously been used for salt works and subsequently the area was flooded by sea water. The water was shallow. The area had also been used for dumping land fill soil. There was concern about the physicochemical characteristics of the seabed sediments. The area was dredged to provide reasonable boat operating depths. The EIA (Environmental Impact Assessment) procedures require studies to be carried out in order to obtain planning and construction permits. These described in great detail environmental indicators of the marine and coastal pre-construction environment. Dredged materials were also analysed to assess the quality and therefore the management-disposal strategies in order to avoid the dispersal of potentially contaminated sediments. Environmental data obtained before and after marine construction is presented and compared with the aim of reviewing the EIA process and investigating the degree to which a linear system such as an EIA is adopted and applied to a dynamic environment such as a marina.

Int conf held at Glasgow September 7 - 9 1983 Papers are Lloyds register approach to ship safety A challenge to structural failures in ships Safety and the Commonwealth of Australia Navigiation Act Safety of offshore platforms - classification rules and lessons learned Development of reliability based structural design criteria for tension leg platforms The role of the department of trade offshore Development and operation of fishing vessel safety centre for New England fisheries Safety at sea through manoeuvring standards LNG carriers - safety in operation Some collision and grounding considerations for refrigerated gas carriers Drifting disabled ships and offshore installations The prediction and practical measurement of ship squat in shallow water Safety aspects of heavy duty semi submersibles Simulation in marine activities Assessment of damage in offshore steel platforms Probabilistic analyses of environmental loading and motion of a tension leg platform for reliability based design Safety factor evaluation for cylindrical components of floating platforms in extreme loads Compressive strength of stress relieved ring stiffened cylinders including local damage How safe are design codes The tilt problem in semi submersibles A shipbuilders view of safety An effective method for treating the stability of marine vehicles Fishing vessel stability and safety Broaching - a note on some of the factors involved Prospects for a "rational" approach to marine safety Marine safety in cold regions Structural studies for increas safety A brief history of some recent ship accidents Profiting from losses Ship safety - the role of the consultant Investigation of threX40895 Marine and offshore training - can they be reconciled? D Doig CONFP

The presence of alcohol in the human body extends the response time of drivers. It is therefore the cause of numerous traffic accidents. Drivers must not drive under the influence of alcohol. The presence of alcohol in the human body needs to be determined and measured which can be done with the help of special equipment. With the adoption of the new Road Traffic Safety Act in 2005 the Slovene Police can choose the unit of measurement for measuring and determining the concentration of alcohol in the breath. Two units of measurement g/kg and mg/L are noted down. The main problem is choosing the appropriate unit of measurement. There is a connection between the two units of measurement as regards the correlation factor with which the concentration of alcohol in the breath is compared with the concentration of alcohol in the blood. Comparison of the Slovene legislation with the recommendations of the EU (European Union) will show which unit of measurement is suitable and appropriate for measuring and determining the concentration of alcohol in the breath. The choice between the units of measurement impacts on the procedure of measuring and determining the concentration of alcohol in the breath. In order to measure and determine the concentration of alcohol in the breath alcoscopes and ethyl meters are used. Alcoscopes play the function of indicators so their results cannot be the basis for taking measures against the violators of road traffic regulations. Ethyl meters are used by the poli Measuring and monitoring the effectiveness of ISM code compliance. Conference code: N1114 London UK 12-13 July 1999

The ever-rising cost of energy has accelerated the explorations for alternate energy resources. In recent years many countries have found large deposits of methane gas near seabed in deepwater but in the form of hydrates. Major efforts are underway to find ways to bring them for use on land at costs that are commercially profitable. A model to simulate the transport and fate of methane gas released in deepwater is presented. Methane gas when released deepwater undergoes a series of physical chemical processes as it rises through the water column from the seabed to the water surface. In the high pressure and low temperatures that are typical in the deepwater methane gas is likely to be converted to hydrates. These hydrates will be dissociated back to gas when they reach lower pressures and higher temperatures in the shallower regions. When a large amount of methane is released it is likely to form a plume. The model presented here takes the plume thermodynamics and hydrodynamics into account in addition to the physico-chemical processes associated with gases and hydrates. This model considers hydrate formation or dissociation gas dissolution hydrate dissolution gas bubble break-up and coalescence and the change of gas bubble size due to pressure and temperature changes. This paper presents the model formulation simulations of 'Deepspill' experiments and the comparison of the model results with experimental results.

The US Navy is one of the largest users of refrigerant CFC (chlorofluorocarbon)-114 in air-conditioning (AC) plants. These plants range in cooling capacity from 125 to 363 tons and are installed on all major surface combatants and submarines to produce chilled water for various mission-critical cooling applications including vital electronic and weapon systems. The domestic production of all CFCs including CFC-114 ceased in 1995. In addition to creating a mission-critical reserve of CFCs the Navy established an aggressive R and D program to identify safe ozone-friendly alternative refrigerants that could be used in existing shipboard AC systems. Since a 'drop-in' replacement for CFC-114 was not available kits had to be developed that would convert shipboard air-conditioning plants to operate with the new refrigerant. VGD (variable geometry diffuser) compressor technology and a microprocessor-based control system were used in the design of these kits to maintain the original design cooling capacity whilst improving the plant operating range and reducing structure-borne noise levels and part load power consumption. Prototype AC plants were converted and operation validated in the laboratory prior to a one-year-at-sea demonstration onboard USS Normandy (CG 60). The purpose of this paper is to document the Navy's R and D efforts and the conversion of existing shipboard CFC-114 air conditioning plants to an ozone-friendly alternative refrigerant.

Earthquake design of offshore platforms in seismic active areas is one of the most important parts of offshore platform design. In analysing a jacket type offshore structure in the non-linear range of deformation during strong ground motion the behaviour of elements in the non-linear range of deformation should be defined. The primary structural components of a jacket-type offshore structure consist of deck jacket and pile foundations. Pile foundations are an essential structural component of this type of structures and the SSPSI (Seismic Soil - Pile - Structure Interaction) is the key concern in seismic behaviour of this kind of structures. Here Fibre Element is used to model soil-pile interaction during earthquakes. In this model both pile and surrounding soil are modelled using fibre elements. The model is developed using DRAIN-3DX software. The behaviour of soil is assigned to fibre elements using p-y curves. In order to consider the effects of free field soil on motion EERA and NERA software are used. The behaviour of piles when they are embedded in sandy soil and subjected to strong ground motion is analysed and compared with available experimental results. The model can be used for soil - pile - structure interaction analysis of jacket type offshore structure.

The demand for natural gas is rising quickly and consequently the world energy market requires the transport of larger volumes of gas in the form of LNG. However the market calls for the collection of smaller volumes of LNG from more than one location. These requirements may be met by building large LNG carriers with capacities of over 200000 cubic meters and by operating these ships with the flexibility of partial filling of cargo tanks. Partial filling in membrane-type LNG carriers leads to sloshing and the loads generated may endanger the ship's structural integrity. Therefore it is necessary for the ship designer to know the magnitude of those sloshing loads and under what conditions they occur. A finite difference method is presented that was developed to numerically simulate sloshing in a membrane-type LNG carrier's tank. Model experiments are carried out to verify the results of the numerical method. The considered tanks are of a LNG carrier with a capacity of over 200000 cubic meters. The 3D numerical studies showed that the liquid inside the tanks exhibit different behaviour depending on the filling ratio and the encountered wave frequencies. Response characteristics due to the tank configuratioX46228 Numerical and experimental study of submerged flexible nets - applications to fish farms

The ultimate objective in the development of turbo-charger components (that is compressor and turbine) is to obtain a lightweight and compact construction exhibiting high efficiency while at the same time reducing costs and improving availability. This article deals mainly with geometry definition analysis and optimisation of the succeeding diffuser and casing components. The exhaust gas diffuser converts kinetic energy at the inlet into additional static pressure at the outlet. However as the gas condition at the outlet is determined by the ambient conditions static pressure at the diffuser inlet assumes values below its exit level. The reduced static pressure immediately downstream of the turbine rotor blade causes an increase in the enthalpy and hence an increase in turbine output power and efficiency. Measurements carried out at the turbocharger test-bed of MAN B&W document the influence of the diffuser on the turbine efficiency and turbocharger efficiency. Compared to a turbine without a diffuser the increase in efficiency of a turbine equipped with a diffuser amounts to about 2.5% points.