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A paper analysing failures of propulsion machinery on MO ships where engine room personnel found failures without alarms and stopped or reduced the main engine load by manual operation. These incidents shared more than 50% of the total cases affecting the ship service. Most types of machinery have individual failure patterns in the common codes of failure phenomena. These patterns combined with factors such as temperature pressure electric current working hours etc can be utilized as a judgement element in performance or condition monitoring for short or long periods.

A Track Autopilot Predictor (TAP) system for ships which includes automatic control modes for steady state course keeping turning and track-keeping is presented. The TAP system includes a harbour mode where the ship is moved under precise automatic control along a track turned moved backwards and positioned. A system overview is provided. The TAP system is described. Simulations and experiments are reviewed briefly.

Dedicated sea trials on 3 ice-breaking ships (tug Arctic Class 3 icebreaker Polar Class Vessel) monitored ice conditions ice impact load ship performance parameters (thrust rpm speed) and rudderstock torque for various backing ramming continuous ahead icebreaking and manoeuvring operations. Results are analysed statistically and a mathematical model for predicting rudderstock and pintle behaviour in ice loading is developed. Design guidelines relating strength of steering systems to competency of hull and propulsion machinery are described.

The role of model tests and computational methods for predicting loads and motions of ships and other floating structures in waves is discussed. A review is given of the number of real-life situations for which quantitative data on loads or motions are required. Based on this state-of-the-art methods of model tests and numerical computations are discussed. Some general conclusions regarding the future application of the methods and techniques are presented.

Two case histories of coal burning ships constructed by British shipbuilders are discussed. Firstly a 75900 dwt bulker an adaption of Sutherland Shipbuilders Panamax design has two stoker-fired marine radiant boilers driving a single cylinder GEC turbine with parallel shaft and triple reduction gears to a single fixed propeller. Secondly a 10500 dart general cargo tweendeckers specially developed to owners requirements with a single boiler firing coal or oil and emergency diesel backup geared drive leads to a single co propeller. Both derive their main electric power from turbo-alternators and have diesel auxiliaries and backup. System diagrams and steam data are included.

Principle Surveyor for Control Engineering and Electrical Engineering, Lloyd's Register of Shipping. Aspects of automation and centralized control systems in ships discussed including - general principles open and closed loop systems; economic advantages; system design; components for monitoring display control and actuation; application to steam turbine and diesel main propulsion electric power generation; refrigeration plant cargo pumping and navigation maintenance; and system management.

A study undertaken by Technical Marine Planning for General Electric seems to show that the use of Combined Gas and Steam Turbine-Electric (COGES) installations in cruise ships would be economic in the long term due to smaller machinery layout and therefore greater number of passenger cabins less vibration greater reliability and less noxious emissions. The study was based on a 2500 passenger vessel and full details and figures are supplied.

One of the fastest growing areas of marine science is the concept of putting sophisticated sampling equipment on commercial ships. Ecosystem and oceanographic data are now collected at all times of the year in all weather conditions along the world's shipping routes. In this article Dr Davide Hydes from the National Oceanographic Centre (NOCS) in Southampton reports on how this is helping scientists study parts of the world's oceans that were previously out of reach.

The problems of big ship cruising are considered along with potential management options which could overcome these difficulties. After some background information a look is taken at some of the problems relating to big ship cruising - operational wastes physical damage and cultural sociological and environmental impact ashore. This is followed by an attempt to address the question of whether it has to be this way looking into ways of overcoming these problems.

Most large cruise ships constructed recently exploit the diesel-electric power station concept for propulsion manoeuvring and hotel service loads. Propulsion systems developed by GE Marine including medium speed diesel engines aero-derived gas turbines COGES and ICR gas turbines are discussed. Popular pods outlined include those from Kvaerner Masa-Yards (KMY) ABB Azipod Oy Cegelec Kamewa and Siemens-Schottel-Propulsor (SPP). An order for Blohm+Voss's Fast Monohull concept by Royal Olympic Cruises is also discussed.

Aspects of ships steering gears their development and that of related systems are discussed with reference to the regulations laid down by national authorities and classification societies (such as IMCO). Particularly discussed are the almost universal use of electro-hydraulic gear; the rudder and other devices for manoeuvring the ship; crew training in handling steering systems; a new IMCO requirement for an alternative power source; steering test procedures; the case for duplicate propulsion and steering systems to ensure safety reliability and manoeuvrability; the torque and power requirements of the Rules and future prospects.

There are a surprisingly large number of seals in a ship. These fall into several different categories concerning severity of duty and reliability requirements. The mode of operation of dynamic seals is outlined. Next a look is taken at different dynamic seals on board ship covering stern tube seals lip seal rubbers lip seal design and mechanical seal design. After this soft packings for pump stuffing boxes are considered. Lastly a section is given on discussion and author's reply.

This paper examines the different types of drives found on offshore platforms and ships. Comparisons of voltage-fed and circuit-fed drives are discussed with the problems in defining operating conditions on d c drives. A power chart approach similar to that used for synchronous generator operation is introduced. Time domain models and the use of the Saber software package is described as well as the parameters which are required in the design of a successful ship or platform electrical system.

A method has been developed to analyse wave induced loads for ships in severe seas. This approach consists of extrapolating dynamic pressures at the still-water level obtained from accurate linear computations to the surface wave elevation at the ship's hull. The developed method is applied on an advanced containership design. First the theory and numerical method are looked at. Next the results are given and discussed. Nonlinearly computed amplitudes were generally larger and mean values smaller than linear values more so in head waves than in following waves.

Recommendations to improve ship safety include a Safety Case (Formal Safety Assessment) for every ship trading commercially to be reviewed every five years. A major part of the Safety Case is a risk analysis study from which possible improvements in ship and human reliability can be identified. Accidents can be prevented by procedures designed for safety prediction and safety management. Specific safety prediction methods include: HAZOP studies FMECA (failure modes effects and criticality analysis) FTA (fault tree analysis) ETA (event tree analysis) cause-consequence analysis and human error analysis. It is essential to provide information to ships' crews to prevent accidents occurring; this may be achieved by the provision of an Engineering Information System

Fuel storage and handling on coal-fired ships presents particular problems which must be solved cleanly safely and with maximum automation for coal power to increase in popularity. The arrangement of equipment (boiler bunkers and additional machinery) is discussed with particular reference to storage conditions necessary to prevent self-ignition; bunker design; coal handling plant (conveyors elevators and pneumatic transfer); daily service storage in bins or hoppers to feed the boiler; ash collection and disposal (water and pneumatic transfer) and automatic machnery control fire protection and extinction systems.

This textbook deals with the safe handling of bulk liquefied gases (LNG, LPG and chemical gases) and emphasises the importance of understanding their physical properties in relation to the practical operation of gas-handling equipment on ships and at terminals. The book covers properties of liquefied gases; principles of gas carrier design and construction; ship equipment and instrumentation; terminal equipment and instrumentation; the ship/shore interface; cargo handling operations; cargo measurement and calculation; personal health and safety and emergency procedures.

Information on environmental conditions (wind waves and currents) relevant to the design and safe operation of ships and marine structures is summarised. Results of the author's recent study on stochastic properties and prediction of severe environment pertinent to design application are presented. Finally data and methodologies for providing a uniform source of information are included.

Selected world demographics and major economic factors likely to affect future warfare motivations and to provide the manpower and financial resources to build naval ships are considered. The technology resources likely to be available for war fighting purposes are looked at. Threats potentially to be faced by future ships are discussed. Future platform control systems to be designed in the 1990's in order to serve ships and their crews to 2015 and beyond are postulated with the human factors impact on this considered.