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Diesel engines are widely used for energy production and propulsion power in industrial practice as well as for marine power plants. Diesels are expected to continue to be in use in the early 21st century because of the profitable advantages of their high thermal efficiency and simple mechanism. Since diesel engines in ships heavy trucks or auxiliary power units are frequently operated in an environment of varying temperature and humidity the influence of humidity or temperature of the intake air on engine performance and emission characteristics is of considerable interest to engine researchers. Here the effects of humidity and temperature of intake air on the performance and emission characteristics of diesel engines are systematically investigated in order to improve their design and operations. A four-stroke diesel engine with a displacement volume of 3856 cc is used as the test engine. The experiment is described. The intake air is conditioned to various temperatures and humidities via an air-conditioner before entering the intake port of the engine.

The design and operation of modern vessels have changed radically over the last ten years. New requirements have resulted in an increased focus on the total vessel control concept and the interactions between the different systems and equipment installed. As a consequence of this the automation has changed its role from pure process control and monitoring to that of a ship's integrated information management system. Recent advances in automation technology based on the OCS (open control system) concept enable new and far better opportunities to be exploited to improve performance and safety. These recent advances are presented. Through functional integration of real time data and application programs combined with in-depth marine process knowledge new advanced control functions have been developed like the EMS (energy management system) the SIDCoM (safety information and damage control system) the LCMS (life cycle management system) and the AS (advisory system). In addition to the requirements for redundancy and availability this new technology requires a different approach to the ship's design and operation focusing more on the human factor too.

The Naval Sea Systems Command has developed the AIM (advanced industrial management) process as the primary tool for shipyards to manage all significant aspects of ships' overhauls. NAVSEA has further recognised that OSHE (occupational safety and health and environmental) concerns should be addressed through this process. In order to effectively manage these OHSE issues the OHSE skills held by the mechanic need to be integrated with carefully planned work processes which incorporate appropriate OSHE tasks. The challenge facing the AIM developer and the OSHE professional is to develop the process to the point that OSHE is integrated into work planning and job execution processes. Perhaps the greatest challenge facing the OSHE professional is to recognise that a key to achieving this end is to let go of many of the decisions that they (as 'experts' in their field) have previously held closely and to participate in the development of the AIM system to allow routing decisions involving OSHE to be made without their direct involvement - in order to become a part of the work ethic.

ARTICLES Boyce, Gordon. “Transferring Capabilities across Sectoral Frontiers: Shipowners Entering the Airline Business, 1920-1970” XIII, 1, 1-38 Tenold, Stig. “Saving a Sector – But Which One? The Norwegian Guarantee Institute for Ships and Drilling Vessels Ltd.” XIII, 1, 39-62 Hunter, Mark C. “Anglo-American Political and Naval Response to West Indian Piracy” XIII, 1, 63-93 Wilkins, Ian. “Scientists at Sea: British Seagoing Naturalists in Australian Waters in the Nineteenth Century” XIII, 1, 95-113 Kennerley, Alston. “Nationally-Recognised Qualifications for British Merchant Navy Officers, 1865-1966” XIII, 1, 115-135 Park, Steven H. “‘Three Sheets to the Wind:’ Marine Temperance in Antebellum Nineteenth-CenturyAmerica” XIII, 1, 137-149

The Netherlands Government initiative for a multi-disciplinary study into the potential for integrated design of ship and harbour is explained with outline details of a feasibility study of the concept and design development for a unique vessel: the choice of Rotterdam - Europort and a single screw 425000 tanker with restricted draught as bases for the study are noted. Papers presented include: Hydrodynamics of the restricted draught tanker; Design and construction of large tankers; Interaction in the design of ships fairway and harbours; Adaptation of the harbour of Rotterdam to very large tankers; Economics of the restricted draught tanker.

The ISO 14000 standards are reviewed in particular the standards on environmental management life cycle assessment and environmental performance evaluation. Examples of how ISO 14000 was implemented in Norwegian shipping and shipbuilding are presented. These examples are the results from a research program in which four shipyards and one shipping company in Norway collaborated with the research foundation More Research. The holistic view and life cycle approach were essential to this research program. The environmental effects related to construction operation and maintenance of ships were evaluated and the results are presented by means of environmental performance indicators. The indicators are placed in a three-tier informational structure. Finally it is shown how the use of ISO 14000 as a complement to ISM can focus the shipping companies' strategic efforts on areas which may yield the biggest economic returns for the future.

Submarine solid waste management has traditionally revolved around minimising what is brought onboard and then compacting all the solid waste produced into trash disposal unit cans which are weighted to ensure negative buoyancy and discharged overboard. However new environmental regulations are now restricting what can be discharged and where. Recent amendments to the APPS (Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships) prohibit submarines from discharging plastic waste and require that it is stored onboard. The submarine community's approach to complying with this law and the Navy R&D program developed to enable the safe and sanitary retention of plastic waste are described. The Navy submarine community will have to develop a method for handling and storing plastic waste aboard for eventual return to port. The main objectives include volume reduction sanitary packaging of the waste and locating suitable storage spaces on each submarine class. NSWCCD carried out a review of all potential plastic waste processing options.

The requirement for faster ships in certain sectors of the combat ship fleet has driven the need for high power compact prime movers. Larger warships including aircraft carriers also benefit from the availability of high power prime movers to minimise the number of engines fitted to each platform. The Rolls-Royce MT30 marine gas turbine at 36 MW or even 40 MW provides the optimal solution to meet these needs. The MT30 development began in 2001 and it has since been qualified for commercial and naval service following extensive testing. The engine has rapidly been adopted by the world's premier navies in both its mechanical and electrical power general configurations. The MT30 generating set has been selected for the US Navy's new DDG 1000 (Zumwalt) class of destroyer and is the preferred option for the Royal Navy's future aircraft carrier CVF. The Lockheed Martin LCS (Littoral Combat Ship) design is one of the new class of fast combatants which will shortly enter service and is powered by the mechanical derive version of the MT30. This paper describes the development and testing of the MT30 Gas Turbine Modules and its application into the extremely power dense LCS.

The increase in the use of management system standards such as ISO 9000 series ISMA ISM Code and others within the shipping industry is discussed. The paper concentrates on the interpretation of the ISM Code. ISM has been most actively implemented in European countries. Audit experience indicates that maintenance appears to be a weak area along with document control. Nonconformities were identified as lack of defined procedures not implementing procedures lack of records and evidence failure to maintain procedures procedures which differ from those documented and lack of authorisation. Underlying causes for individual areas of nonconformity are discussed in terms of communication compliance with rules and regulations control of nonconformity corrective and preventive action the role of the designated person document control emergency preparedness

This text is part of the series Marine Engineering Practice, Volume 2, 7 unique books (Parts 11-18, excepting 17) bound together in one volume. This Part deals with the operation of typical auxiliary plant and main engines in motor ships, and also with three specific main engines which are currently (1980) still in production. A separate section has been included for each engine as the operational procedures recommended by the designers are not identical. Section 2 of this work deals with activating systems in a 'cold' ship.

This book is intended as a reference book for Merchant Navy Officers, but sections of it are also useful for Officers who are studying for their MOT examinations and it is for the latter that some revision questions are included at the end of volume 1. The book consists of two volumes. The first volume deals with Marine Gyro-compasses, the second volume with Automatic Pilots and ancillary equipment as found on most British Merchant Ships. Contents volume 1: Preface; Apparent motion of fixed objects in space; Principles of a free gyroscope; Controlled gyroscopes; Gyroscopic compasses; Errors and corrections; Comparison of gyroscopic and magnetic compasses; Sperry Gyro-Compass Mark E. XIV; The Brown gyro-compass types A and B; The Sperry Mark E. I Gyro-compass; The Sperry Mark XX Gyro-compass; Arma-brown compass; The marine gyrosyn compass; Some comparisons between various gyroscopic compasses; Fundamental electrical principles; Amplification and transmission of signals; Table showing course, speed and altitude corrections; Revision questions;

Trends in power requirements for oil tankers container ships ore bulk and ore/oil carriers and liquefied gas carriers are examined. Problems affecting the operation of steam turbine machinery are then considered in detail. These include erosion damage and fouling of blades rubbing of labyrinth glands blade tips and seals. Problems with hull deflection and machinery alignment and gearing vibration and excitation damping and blade resonant frequencies corrosion fretting fatigue and the effects of hull resistance and heavy weather on turbine blades are mentioned. Possible causes of rough running are considered both during trials and after a period of satisfactory operation. Balancing of flexible rotors including critical speeds model balancing and oil film whirl measurement and limits of machinery vibration are discussed.

Maritime pollution has generated political commitment to protect the marine environment and to comply with international regulations. It has become unacceptable that naval vessels are being exempted from compliance. Operational economical and health and safety reasons are driving Navies to include waste management systems in their new ships. Also older naval vessels without such capabilities in particular larger ones with a significant number of crew on board are now being considered for retrofit. Because of recruitment problems many Navies have started to investigate industrial in-service-support concepts for use in the Fleet. These issues are discussed and industrial solutions for systems and services as currently being designed and installed on naval vessels are described.

-LADC (the Littoral Acoustic Demonstration Centre) was formed to do ambient noise and marine mammal acoustic measurement and analysis. Three EARS (environmental acoustic recording system) buoys were deployed in the northern GoM (Gulf of Mexico) in summer 2001. These bottom-moored omni-directional hydrophone recording systems were modified to sample to almost 12 kHz so that the vocalizations of sperm whales could be recorded. Then the Minerals Management Service and its collaborators carried out SWAMP (the Sperm Whale Acoustic Monitoring Programme). The programme set up is described. The data produced clearly reveal sperm whale vocalisations passing ships and seismic airguns. Marine mammal vocalisations and airgun signatures have been isolated and are being analysed. Representative samples of the measured ambient noise are selected for analysis and display in this paper. Sperm whale vocalisations and a seismic air gun signal are also shown and discussed.

Prediction of manoeuvring capabilities of ships in an early design stage has often been based on a rule of thumb. However with new and alternative propulsion concepts these rules may no longer be applicable. A special area of interest is the interaction between two azimuthing thrusters when they operate in close proximity for example with the case of ASD tugs. To support the concept selection a concept exploration model for manoeuvrability (ManSim) was developed intended to be used in the preliminary design stage. This programme was developed as a sales support tool for Wartsila Propulsion. It offers great flexibility in number and location of propulsors rudders tubbel and azimuting thrusters. It allows for both pre-defined (standard) and custom manoeuvres. A key feature is the automatic generation of simulation models from the GUI which are then available for further inspection. A general introduction to ManSim is presented and its main features are described. The modelling of thruster-thruster interaction is described in some detail. Results from the programme are compared with measured data.

Volume 3 of a set of 3. This set of books has been designed to give a complete picture of the fundamental principles and practices underlying the progress of marine engineering. The arrangement of machinery in a ship's hull is explained, along with how it is coupled up and what auxiliaries it needs to make it work successfully and economically. The subjects touched upon include generation of power, the raising of steam in boilers and the different methods whereby this is done, fuels and their heat valves, direct and indirect drive and the different methods of employing gearing as well as the manufacture of gears. The actual prime movers that drive the propeller(s) are described from a structural point of view. Special emphasis is put on the steam reciprocating engine. This volume focuses on ship steering, refrigeration, all-electric, turbo-electric, diesel-electric, electro magnetic ship coupling, electric storage batteries, gas engines, valves and valve gear, measurement of machinery spaces, machinery for small ships and craft, power measurement and recording, transmission of power by gears, engineer on the bridge, gas turbines, ship types and ship propulsion systems and the world's principal marine engine plants.

Sea-state information is required to evaluate the sea-keeping performance of ships. Ocean wave statistics given as scatter diagrams of sea-states have been used in this evaluation. However nowadays long-term time-series data of sea-states are preferred for a more reliable and accurate evaluation. These time-series data can usually be provided as hindcast data however a hindcast simulation procedure based on a physical model is very expensive and time-consuming. Sea-states with same stochastic and statistical properties as real sea-states are required not real sea-states themselves. To solve this problem a multivariate stochastic model of sea-state parameters at several sea locations is proposed and its simulation described.

Conf held 20-21 November 1990 in London Papers are The role of the naval architect A structured approach to warship design The missile trials craft "Verifier" The problems of misalignment and flexure and how the weapon designer may overcome them The effect of cumulative alignment errors on overall combat system performance and proposals for their reduction Matching warships and sailors Improvement of destroyer performance through optimised seakeeping design Design techniques to upgrade the combat system effectiveness of the FFg-7 class frigate Integrated communication systems for capital ships Mutual interference and its role in warship combat system design Ship integration concept of a very short range air defence system Offboard command casualty launch The role of vulnerability assessments in warship design Design techniques used to optimise the combat system effectiveness of the T23 frigate VOLUME 1 CONTAINS ABOVE PAPERS - VOLUME 2 CONTAINS DISCUSSIONS

Ever since 380/440 V AC systems were introduced into ships in the 1930s it it has been general practice to leave the neutral point unearthed whereas UK industrial practice at 415 V has been to earth the neutral point solidly. The reasons advanced for the different philosophies are well known and the authors review them in the light of present-day requirements. Where higher voltages are used in marine applications generator or transformer neutral points are generally earthed through current limiting resistors the stated reason being that unacceptable overvoltages could occur if the neutral remains unearthed. The authors argue that overvoltages should not influence the method of neutral earthing in marine systems and forward an alternative criterion making recommendations appropriate to specific applications.

Classification societies have introduced various design loads for use in the strength assessment of ship. Most of these design loads have been determined as the standard loads for the sake of convenience and consequently the relationship between the design loads and the sea states actually encountered by ships seems to be weak. It may therefore be difficult to refer and use them as fundamental design concepts for ship designers or as operational guidelines for ship operators. To overcome these difficulties new practical estimation methods of design loads have been developed which have transparent and consistent backgrounds to the actual loads acting on ship structures for the direct strength calculation of primary structural members of bulk carriers. An overview and technical background of these design loads is presented.