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AutoFlux is an autonomous system for making direct measurements of the air-sea exchanges of CO2 momentum and heat. Such measurements are usually restricted to short dedicated air-sea interaction cruises on research ships which last only a few weeks. In contrast AutoFlux was recently deployed continuously on the RRS Discovery for two years and is now currently part of a three year measurement programme on the Norwegian weather ship Polarfront. The instrumentation on Polarfront also includes two different wave measurement systems and digital cameras. The various systems are described and initial results presented.

As navies reduce their budgets and human casualties become socially and politically less tolerable ship designers are forced to focus on ships that are more survivable and require lower manning levels. The advances in control and automation technology are on their side and give them the tools to achieve both these goals. The potential of automatic systems' reconfiguration and support for a ship's command on the basis of ship's survivability state is examined and the special features of an AES that further increase this potential are presented. The focus is particularly on electric network automatic reconfiguration responsive to damages inflicted onboard and on optimisation of the BDR organisation of a future AES frigate.

The APD (auxiliary propulsion drive) is presented. The APD will propel the ship by the auxiliary gensets using the shaft generator as an electric motor in cases where the main engine is not available. The APD systems described are related to machinery installations with medium-speed engines gearbox and CP-propeller. This is due to the fact that medium-speed installations make the APD option achievable by quite simple and cost-efficient means. It is concluded that the APD provides clear benefits for the single engine cargo ships with sufficient genset capacity and is an ideal solution for the gas and product tankers. Safety is enhanced with the emergency propulsion capability and also possibilities to use the installed power onboard are increased. The cost implications of installing an APD system are very low because most of the needed components are already included in normal medium-speed single engine arrangements. Operating costs related to additional components in the machinery system are negligible and the technology and system functions are well tested and proven in practice on several vessels.

Steel wire rope together with active heave compensation has been used for subsea deployment applications for many years. This results in cyclic bending over sheave loading being a major influence on the lifetime of the rope. As the requirement to install heavy subsea hardware in deeper water increases there is a need to use large diameter steel wire rope as part of the deployment system. Many of the new fleet of construction ships are equipped with steel wire ropes of over 100 mm in diameter. This paper presents the results from a full scale bending fatigue investigation with 109 mm steel wire rope at tensions up to 330 tons including the details of the fatigue testing system it was necessary to construct to perform the testing. One of the main findings from the testing was the significant influence of heat build up in the rope. This led to an extensive investigation into the thermal behaviour of the rope which is also presented in the paper. The paper also draws conclusions relating to the life time assessment of large diameter wire rope for subsea deployment applications.

Biofuels are already influencing the shipping trade but are designers and ship owners thinking far enough ahead to accommodate their influence on the world fleet of the future? The impact of biofuel industrial growth with relation to shipping is not well analysed and there is much contradictory information making the future very difficult to predict. This lecture performs a multidisciplinary analysis of biofuels covering their background the economic political and social drivers for their use and the consequential impact on ship design and operation with the intention of promoting further debate on both the effects of biofuels as a fuel and a cargo for ships. Biofuels are described under the commonly referred to three generations. And comparison with the automobile and aviation industries use of biofuels is drawn Analysis of the demand of both the European and Asian sectors is covered. The impact of these new technologies on shipping routes and port facilities is also discussed. This analysis finds that current political legislation on biofuel use is dependent on technology not economically available.

This paper presents extensive non-linear finite element (FE) analysis and formulation development work carried out on the ultimate compressive strength of plates and stiffened panels of ship structures. A review of contemporary designs for large ships was carried out. The existing formulae for plate ultimate compressive strength were reviewed and compared with nonlinear FE analysis results. A semi-analytical formula for ultimate compressive strength assessments of stiffened panels was proposed and is described. The developed formula was verified against results using ABAQUS non-linear FE software for a series of 61 stiffened panels and a good agreement between the proposed formula and FE results were achieved. The method was verified against a large number of published FE results and was also compared with 58 experimental results. The developed method was also applied to the deck and bottom structures for a range of various sizes oil tankers and bulk carriers.

In recent years more and more research has focused on the development of trimaran and pentamaran. Higher speeds require a significant reduction in wave resistance which is the most important component of the ship resistance when speed increases. A lot of work has therefore been undertaken on resistance experiment investigations for multi-hulls. According to the theory of wave-making resistance for thin ships an approach is presented using RWAF (Rankine Wave Amplitude Function) to replace MWAF (Michell Wave Amplitude Function) of reality hull to calculate the wave-making interference factor between demi-hulls of catamarans in order to obtain the resistance of high-speed displacement catamarans.

In the present work the calibration is presented of a partial safety factor format for the verification of the hull girder in bending conditions. The calibration is performed by means of a second level reliability model based on a FORM/SORM procedure. All the steps of the calibration process are described including choice of the failure equations inherent to the problem characterisation of the stochastic model for the second level analysis application of the analysis to a calibration set selection of a target reliability identification of proper ranges of variability for the partial safety factors and choice of a criterion of closeness of the code to the target. The procedure is in the present case applied to a homogeneous set of longitudinally framed double hull tankers.

A computer software system for modelling the dispersion of exhaust plumes and their interaction with the superstructure in order to predict the plume shape and resultant infra-red (IR) signature is described. PHOENICS a general purpose commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code linked to a specially developed pre-processor is used to predict the plume flowfield temperature and gaseous species distribution. Two version of the PHOENICS pre-processor have been developed for predicting ships' plumes: one for modelling plumes in isolation and one for predicting plume-superstructure interaction. The main difference between the two programs is in the mesh generation and blockage definition. The data is post-processed using a line-of-sight algorithm to calculate the spectral radiance and apparent temperature. The system takes into account multiple plumes exhaust composition blockage effects of the superstructure and wind effects.

Conf held in Florence Italy April 1991. Papers are - Double-cone burners for gas turbine type 9 retrofit application Development of low-NOx gas turbine combustor for natural gas fuel Combustion characteristics of a gas turbine catalytic combustor Application of a Navier-Stokes analysis to turbomachinery blade- cascade flows The aerodynamic design principles methods and test results of an axial turbine of the SS-turbocharger series for ships diesels Application of three-dimensional inviscid and viscous codes to the aerodynamic design of an advanced gas turbine The optimized design method of a centrifugal compressor volute Operating experience with dry low NOx hybrid burners Development of the ceramic combustor for gas turbine at high specific combustion intensity Development of ceramic combustion for gas turbine The influence of high lip-to-slot-thickness on film cooling effectiveness

Conf held in Florence Italy April 1991. Papers are - Double-cone burners for gas turbine type 9 retrofit application Development of low-NOx gas turbine combustor for natural gas fuel Combustion characteristics of a gas turbine catalytic combustor Application of a Navier-Stokes analysis to turbomachinery blade- cascade flows The aerodynamic design principles methods and test results of an axial turbine of the SS-turbocharger series for ships diesels Application of three-dimensional inviscid and viscous codes to the aerodynamic design of an advanced gas turbine The optimized design method of a centrifugal compressor volute Operating experience with dry low NOx hybrid burners Development of the ceramic combustor for gas turbine at high specific combustion intensity Development of ceramic combustion for gas turbine The influence of high lip-to-slot-thickness on film cooling effectiveness

The background to classification and the role beyond safety of the Rules are reviewed and the challenges posed by the rapid changes in the regime for the management of safety within the marine industry are examined. Based on the developments by LR the response to change is described illustrating how some innovative developments that have been in place for some time are now even more relevant. The impact of Formal Safety Assessment (FSA) is discussed along with the human factors which dominate many of the risk scenarios. The form of the Rules of Classification is described. Management of risk and risk targets is discussed with respect to LR's modelling software packages including the FLEET system and a risk-based software tool LR MARINER. Surveying of existing ships and the ShipRight framework and feedback from service experience are also discussed.

The volume reviews the results of a dynamic specification development task that was performed for the General Dynamics CV-3600 coal collier (that was discussed in Volume 2). The scope of this task provided for consideration of all major propulsion system components (boiler feed pumps, coal-fired/oil-fired boilers, HP/LP/astern turbines, condenser, de-aerator, valves and valve actuators). Special emphasis was placed on determining dynamic specifications for the following components: grate travel speed and controls, spreader and distributor feed and controls, fan speed and damper controls, steam pump system valves and controls, throttle control and de-superheater steam controls. The purpose of this effort was to determine general engineering details and specifications for coal-fired propulsion systems based on a detailed analysis of a specific propulsion system design.

The legislation relating to the recovery of cargoes from sunken ships is examined. The role of the UK 1894 Merchant Shipping Act (Part IX) is discussed. Revisions to this are addressed. The 1894 Act causes salvors in Britain considerable problems because of the procedure to be followed by the Receiver of Wreck when no wreck owner is known. The Receiver's duty to retain unclaimed wreck for one year still remains. However cargo recovery has become a huge commercial activity. Retention by the Receiver of cargo for one year would seriously disrupt a salvage company's cash flow. A brief history of commercial cargo recovery is provided. Major advances in salvage recovery operations occurred due to world wars and also because a range of commercial agreements was secured. Now the salvor needs a similar stimulus to allow him to undertake work on wrecks where the owner is unknown. New working practices are suggested.

Bulk transportation of compressed natural gas is becoming a viable and flexible option for moving stranded gas reserves to existing or remote markets. One such technology that is currently being developed for this application is the Gas Transport Module (GTM). Gas Transport Modules are large diameter high pressure fibre reinforced composite/steel pressure vessels intended for the mobile transport of natural gas on a variety of carriers including ships barges trucks and trains. The purpose of this paper is to discuss recent work concerning the design and testing of these large diameter composite pressure vessels. The advantages of the proposed hybrid composite/steel design for offshore use are discussed. An overview of current standards development specialised analysis methods and testing requirements is also provided.

Bulk transportation of compressed natural gas is becoming a viable and flexible option for moving stranded gas reserves to existing or remote markets. One such technology that is currently being developed for this application is the Gas Transport Module (GTM). Gas Transport Modules are large diameter high pressure fibre reinforced composite/steel pressure vessels intended for the mobile transport of natural gas on a variety of carriers including ships barges trucks and trains. The purpose of this paper is to discuss recent work concerning the design and testing of these large diameter composite pressure vessels. The advantages of the proposed hybrid composite/steel design for offshore use are discussed. An overview of current standards development specialised analysis methods and testing requirements is also provided.

In recent years there has been a significant change in the operational requirements for small- to medium-sized surface combatants. Three has been a demand for vessels to have both higher sustaining cruising and sprint speeds. In response to these requirements BAE Systems Naval Ships developed a 5000 tonne (F5000) surface combatant capable of achieving cruise speeds in excess of 20 knots and sprint in excess of 40 knots. The focus is on the hydrodynamic aspects of the F5000 design also demonstrating how state-of-the-art CFD (computational fluid dynamics) tools can be used in the global and detail design of such a vessel. The results of an extensive model test resistance powering and sea-keeping programme are presented. Also shown is how model tests correlated with CFD predictions.

Collision and grounding are among the most common causes for ship disasters; and will continue to happen despite continual efforts in improving design construction and maintenance of vessels. Ship collision and grounding accidents may lead to major disasters involving loss of human life or property damage as well as environmental hazards and pollutions. As a consequence there is a growing interest in investigating safety assessment in the shipbuilding and shipping environment. Minimising the damage and impact of an accident to the environment involves the process of predicting the accidents and assessing their consequences which include damage extent oil outflow and hull girder strength. Various methods are reviewed of estimating the collision and grounding probabilities of ships with reference to the collision and grounding studies of vessels operating in a specific geographical area involving description of traffic composition along the navigational routes as well as descriptions of grounds within the geographical areas. Causation probability peculiar to the specific geographical area needs to be carefully considered to represent an accurate local traffic situation which could lead to collision and grounding.

Various BWT (ballast water treatment) processes have been proposed over recent years. However overall solutions are hard to reach due to the complexity of design specifications which result from the variation in water quality technical demands and the specific requirements of different vessels. Berkefeld Water Technology is developing new BWT systems for use onboard ships. These include particle separation and disinfection steps. Different treatment options are investigated which enables a modular design and adaptation to each kind of vessel in accordance with the biological chemical and technical constraints. Besides preventing the introduction of harmful aquatic species the BWT solves the problem of sediment accumulation in ballast water tanks by a mechanical separation as the first step.

An integrated system of intelligent acoustic buoys has been developed to detect identify and localize whales in real-time in their environment and communicate this information to land-based stations or ships via satellite and internet and RF communications. The low-cost portable buoy network can be used as a marine mammal observatory to gather continuous space-time series of vocalizing animals over large basins or as early warning systems for improving whale protection on navigation routes or around moving or fixed platforms during threatening high-level acoustic activity. The system is designed to accommodate future developments and be easily adapted to various tasks. It can be deployed as a drifting network or anchored to the bottom as well as from the ice sheet. First sea trials will be in August 2006 in the St. Lawrence. A description of the system is presented in this paper.