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The four phases of development of a fire and the ion-chamber and the optical (photoelectric) smoke detectors are described. The effectiveness of each type of smoke detector for response to particle size and the time delay for detectors are compared. The investment of intelligent fire detection systems the reliability of modern fire detection systems and systems on the market including conventional systems addressable only systems multi state analogue addressable systems and intelligent analogue addressable systems with reliability figures are considered.

Monitoring from ships of opportunity allows a wide range of parameters to be measured thereby extending the coverage of operational oceanographic studies. Observation of dissolved oxygen using new sensors offers an effective way of monitoring changes in biological production. The limits of the application were tested following the transition from winter storms to the spring bloom (2007). Calculation of dissolved nitrogen

The association between a high level of alert to terrorist attacks and the widespread use of small AUVs has prompted the development of harbour protection systems. These systems generally combine various techniques including magnetic sensors mechanical steel nets and acoustic sensors. There are at least three main difficulties associated with the use of acoustics in underwater barriers for harbour protection very shallow water signal propagation and reverberation strong interference from other ships and structures around the port and the requirement of a relatively high frequency for detecting small objects. This paper proposes an experimental setup composed of two interconnected vertical arrays: one TOA (transmit only array) and the other a ROA (receive only array). Simulations using a ray trace propagation model combined with a nave scattering formulation show that the obtained empirical detection probability is close to the theoretical optimal bound derived assuming space - time white Gaussian noise. Several results are presented and compared with theoretical values. Although the system can be significantly improved in particular by using more populated source and receiving arrays it is believed that these results can be reproduced at sea in harbour-like conditions.

An automated marine observing system was developedto collect atmospheric and oceanic data from ships while underway. This was installed on large ocean-going vessels from commercial shippers to private yachts. The system collects processes and transmits the data through a satellite system. The ocean portion (Ocean Sensor Module) of this system is now being adapted and integrated to buoys piers and offshore towers. The system is to be low-maintenance and will collect and transmit oceanographic data (via satellite) in near-real time. A NOSIC (NDBC oceanographic sensor interface controller) replaces the shipboard NT operating system computer version; it will be internally mounted in the OSM and will interface with the buoy electronics. The NOSIC will interface with the sensors to collect process store and transmit the data to the buoy payload for later satellite transmission through GOES or other satellite communication modes. The unit also contains an electrochemical halogen generating anti-fouling device. The details of the design and the results of a fully integrated dockside test on a 3-m buoy are presented.

This paper deals with the impact of the adoption of electric propulsion in onboard power systems with special attention to the pleasure ships (mega-yachts) sector. Special emphasis is given to the main consequences of the large increase of generation power required onboard which concern the adoption of the Integrated Power System and the development of proper design criteria suitable to comply with power supply availability and power quality requirements. The paper reports the practical case of a new built all-electric mega yacht for which the available data about IPS generator sets loads and also some preliminary power quality measurements are presented.

A non-manifold geometric modelling kernel is presented. This kernel has been developed to generate and manipulate non-manifold models such as ship compartment models. The kernel includes PLACE and SPLIT operations for efficient compartment modelling and ship calculation. Based on this kernel an innovative compartment modelling and ship calculation system called EzCOMPART is developed. This system can increase design productivity by supplying easy and convenient compartment modelling and ship calculation methods. To evaluate the applicability of EzCOMPART it was applied to various ships' compartment modelling and ship calculations. Using ExCOMPART a designer can easily and rapidly carry out compartment modelling with accurate ship calculation results. Future work is outlined.

In response to the recently released IMO regulations concerning evacuation analysis by means of numerical simulation for ro-ro vessels a software tool called AENEAS has been developed. AENEAS is based on microscopic multi-agent modelling for performing simulations of pedestrian flow and is tailored for the simulation of egress scenarios on board passenger ships. It uses geometry information contained in general arrangement drawings to set up a discretised model suitable for the simulation. The import of deck plan geometry is realised through DXF (drawing exchange format). However DXF has some limitations concerning the export of non-geometric information contained in the drawings. In order to overcome these limitations a new data interface approach has been developed based on XML (extensible mark-up language). The concept and development of evacML which is intended to become an open standard for the exchange of evacuation data is described. The implementation of evacML interfaces in both AutoCAD and AENEAS are discussed as an example of how developers could use the approach in conjunction with other CAD systems.

This paper focuses on the segment of large LPG carriers designed with atmospheric type 'A' cargo tanks in accordance with the definition of the IMO code and to review the design principles methods and tools for the hull and cargo containment structures of these ships. Addressed in this paper are the questions 'To what extent would it be possible to credit the improvements in today's current design practice of independent type 'A' tanks to bring their design closer to type 'B' concept?' and 'What is the remaining gap between the two types?'

Symp held in New South Wales 2 - 5 Nov 1981 Papers are The inspiration of our maritime past Ships shipbuilding and national defence Combination carriers - economic and commercial aspects The Tiger Line concept New Zealand coastal and overseas shipping in the eighties Coastal shipping - how competitive? Commercial aspects of shipping Economic benefits of Australian shipping - an input output analysis Ocean dry bulk cargo shipping in the eighties and nineties Port development in New South Wales in the eighties Developments in the search for increased efficiency of marine machinery Gas fired coastal bulk carriers Australian bulk carrier design and operations in an era of high fuel costs Waste heat utilisation Use of coal/oil mixtures as possible fuel for steam powered vessels

An increase in marine and freshwater invasions of non-indigenous species has been widely reported. Although many species are harmless some do have detrimental effects on the ecosystem and on the human economy and health. Species may be transferred intentionally or unintentionally by many methods (vectors). One vector is through ships' ballast water. The effects and control of ballast water are considered. The strategies being considered by government for preventing the introduction of unwanted aquatic organisms via discharge of ballast water and sediment are discussed. These include controlling when and where ballast water can be taken on or discharged and treating ballast water by a range of physical chemical mechanical and biological processes. Questions of operational practicality seafarer and ship safety biological effectiveness and environmental impact are discussed for each alternative. Some implications of existing IMO guidelines are discussed followed by possible future requirements for ship designers and operators.

Conf held in Florence Italy April 1991. Papers are - Double-cone burners for gas turbine type 9 retrofit application Development of low-NOx gas turbine combustor for natural gas fuel Combustion characteristics of a gas turbine catalytic combustor Application of a Navier-Stokes analysis to turbomachinery blade- cascade flows The aerodynamic design principles methods and test results of an axial turbine of the SS-turbocharger series for ships diesels Application of three-dimensional inviscid and viscous codes to the aerodynamic design of an advanced gas turbine The optimized design method of a centrifugal compressor volute Operating experience with dry low NOx hybrid burners Development of the ceramic combustor for gas turbine at high specific combustion intensity Development of ceramic combustion for gas turbine The influence of high lip-to-slot-thickness on film cooling effectiveness

A brief historical overview of marine LNG transportation challenges traditionally held assumptions regarding propulsion markets and operations and considers new concepts in ship design machinery type and operational practices which alone or combined could make significant contributions towards improving the earning potential of LNG ships. Specific measures and their estimated effect on economics are discussed including: the Kvaerner Masa-Yards' patented process for tank "stretching" by the insertion of an equatorial cylinder into spherical tanks in order to increase their capacity; reduction of boil-off principally to improve the efficiency of reqliqufaction; onboard reliquefaction; conversion from steam to diesel propulsion; the use of dual fuel or oil fired diesel plant; the use of diesel- mechanical power plant; the use of diesel-electrical power plant and azimuthing podded electrical drive. The transportation economy obtained after modification of a conventional Moss-type LNG carrier to feature increased tank capacity diesel-electric plant for propulsion and all other electric consumers reliquefaction plant and twin Azipod drives is reported.

For a number of years it has been alleged that compliance with US Government regulations - specifically those of the US Coast Guard - adds a considerable amount to the cost of a new US-flag vessel rendering US shipyards non-competitive. For example it is estimated that there is an average of a 15 per cent cost increase due to ship design and construction regulations. Case studies and owners' reports have also identified incremental costs associated with both reflaggings to US flag and the construction of US flag ships in foreign shipyards. Here past studies are summarised that addressed the cost of regulatory compliance. Possible explanations for the variations between the conclusions of these studies are discussed. Also factors are identified other than regulatory compliance which impact the competitiveness of the US shipbuilding industry and which describe several recent Coast Guard initiatives to further reduce the already low cost of compliance with Coast Guard regulations.

The Soviet (Russian) policy concerning commercial and military use of the Northern Sea Route (NSR) is considered. Following the transition to market relations the role of state participation in the NSR has reduced. Certain measures to strengthen state management of the NSR system are being undertaken. Russia's policy concerning international navigation along the NSR is increasingly agreeing with the position of other arctic states concerning the state regulation of navigation in the Arctic and is influenced by the growing interest of foreign shipping companies to transport cargo along the NSR. The simultaneous non-conflicting navigation of commercial ships along with military vessels of all countries of the world is taking place on the NSR.

The design concept and the hydrodynamic performance of a frigate-class trimaran are discussed. The results of studies to investigate the powering seakeeping and manoeuvring performance are presented. This includes a series of resistance tests and numerical calculations carried out to investigate the influence of side-hull forms longitudinal and transverse locations on the resistance characteristics and the propulsion test to investigate the propulsion efficiency. The result shows that powering performance of the trimaran is superior to that of the similar mono-hull ships above the middle speed range. The seakeeping model test for the trimaran was carried out in the towing tank and the result was compared with the theoretical analysis result of the similar mono-hull ship. As a whole the seakeeping performance of the trimaran is superior to that of the latter. Manoeuvring model test using the HPMM equipment was also carried out to evaluate the manoeuvring performance of the trimaran.

After an overview of the electrical power requirement for marine or naval ships relative to ship service distribution the main figures for the power required for electric propulsion are given. From these bases the current single line diagram can be reviewed with regard to all design criteria and new technologies available. The design criteria are used to specify the performance of the breaker and the protection in accordance with the electric propulsion network. In order to improve the control of the network configuration the protection scheme will be part of the SCADA system in charge of the control and monitoring of the total network. A single line diagram for power generation electric propulsion power distribution the motor control centre including SCADA architecture is proposed. Special consideration is given to the comparison of the ac and dc networks with their current or future limits and their advantages in the high quality network required for ship services distribution.

An integrated system of intelligent acoustic buoys has been developed to detect identify and localize whales in real-time in their environment and communicate this information to land-based stations or ships via satellite and internet and RF communications. The low-cost portable buoy network can be used as a marine mammal observatory to gather continuous space-time series of vocalizing animals over large basins or as early warning systems for improving whale protection on navigation routes or around moving or fixed platforms during threatening high-level acoustic activity. The system is designed to accommodate future developments and be easily adapted to various tasks. It can be deployed as a drifting network or anchored to the bottom as well as from the ice sheet. First sea trials will be in August 2006 in the St. Lawrence. A description of the system is presented in this paper.

Navy warships are complex weapon systems that serve as both home and workplace for hundreds or thousands of crewmembers. Solid waste is generated by nearly every shipboard activity and represents the highest volume and most visible waste stream. At-sea discharge of ship-generated solid waste is no longer permitted anywhere in the world. Although the international laws restricting the discharge of solid waste do not in principle apply to military vessels Congress has directed the Navy to take an environmental leadership role in the stewardship of the world's navigable waters. Navy ships are currently being equipped with a suite of solid waste processing equipment to handle many types of waste. Several Navy sponsored studies have concluded that thermal destruction is the best technological approach for the onboard processing of solid waste. In FY99 the Navy initiated a three-year R&D (research and development) program to prove the technical feasibility of building shipboard PAWDS (plasma arc waste destruction systems) for the destruction of shipboard solid waste.

Recent rises in fuel prices together with a trend towards environmental protection have resulted in required reductions in both fuel consumption and CO2 emissions from ships. In order to reduce fuel consumption and CO2 emissions a new navigation system called WAN has been developed. Simulations of a container ship on Seattle-Yokohama route were carried out using WAN. The reduction came to 26.1% on average against the same ship on the great circle route with constant of engine revolution corresponding to NOR. The influence of updating weather forecast was investigated and it was found to depend on the weather state. It was also noted that the fluctuation of fuel consumption was smaller than the reduction of that by WAN. However from the viewpoint of ship safety it was concluded that it is necessary to execute the system again whenever the weather forecast is updated.

The development of a simulation system and related mathematical models for assessing harbor capabilities from the view point of ship navigation safety at congested harbor areas is described. Fuzzy algorithm is adopted to enable various traffic ships to navigate automatically during the simulation. The simulation system described has been applied to assess a harbor where a number of small fishery vessels navigate. The system is shown to be useful for harbor safety assessment and so in the design of the optimum layout for ship navigation safety.