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The newly developed GL Rules for Subsea Pipelines and Risers Edition 1995 supplement the existing regulations of Germanischer Lloyd (GL). The new code considers modern design evaluation methods such as partial safety coefficients stress and strain criteria and modern buckling phenomena. Based on experience from numerous offshore pipeline projects detailed guidelines on essential aspects during installation operation and design evaluation have been included. Essential safety aspects are considered

The Code of Federal Regulations is a codification of the general and permanent rules published in the Federal Register by the Executive departments and agencies of the Federal Government. Title 33 concerns navigation and navigable waters, and includes sections on personnel, aids to navigation, international navigation rules, inland navigation rules, vessel operating regulations, regattas and marine parades, anchorages, bridges and security of vessels.

This paper briefly discusses aspects of the application of risk based techniques arising from the lack of generally accepted risk acceptance criteria. It then goes on to examine the application to specific design issues of two alternative approaches showing how risk based techniques may be used to demonstrate that an alternative design achieves a level of safety equivalent to a design based on traditional design rules.

BV (Bureau Veritas) has recently totally re-engineered its Rules applicable to Yachts with a view to offering designers builders yacht owners and Flag Administrations a comprehensive set of dedicated safety standards for modern yachts and mega-yachts. The development process and the key criteria considered for the new class or certification requirements in fields such as structural strength propulsion and piping electrical and automation systems stability and fire safety are presented.

The implications of recent developments in shipboard automation are considered and how Lloyd's Register (LR) Rules are evolving to address safety issues is described. Trends in automation and developments in control engineering are discussed in terms of system complexity functional integration and the role of programmable electronic systems. The development of control engineering rules for programmable electronics is described and future approaches to assessment discussed. The responsibilities of system manufacturers shipyards and owners in ensuring that systems are dependable in use is discussed in view of changing rule requirements. The emphasis of the Rules may in future become more orientated towards functional safety rather than the traditional component based intrinsic safety approach.

A primary concern of Det Norske Veritas (DNV) through its Australian experience is the lack of understanding of the classification process of high speed light craft (HSLC) in the industry at large. The role of the classification society its responsibilities and obligations as an independent third party classification authority are defined. Classification serves as a verification system for national authorities insurance underwriters owners builders and subcontractors finance institutions and charterers or cargo owners. The classification process from request to certification in accordance with classification rules is described. The roles and responsibilities of the project participants builder designer and class society are discussed. The development of DNV's Rules for high speed and light craft is described in detail. In using DNV's Rules for High Speed and Light Craft to design the structure of such vessels the key areas that must be addressed are design of vertical acceleration local strength and global strength requirements.

The ABS (American Bureau of Shipping) and the US Navy have been working together over the last few years in a measured initiative to develop and apply classification Rules for naval vessels. The first complete set of Rules resulting from this effort was embodied in the ABS Guide for Building and Classing High Speed Naval Craft. It laid the foundation for the subsequent development of the ABS Rules for Building and Classing Naval Vessels. In addition in its own right it has been used in the classification of the US Navy SEA FIGHTER SWIFT Torpedo Recovery or Security Craft US Naval Academy Training Boats the Egyptian Fast Missile Craft Egyptian Fast Patrol Boat Omani Patrol Boats and Canadian Navy Patrol Boats. In addition the High Speed Naval Craft Rules were used as a core of the ABS classification requirements for the US Navy's Littoral Combat Ships both the monohull and trimaran versions. Finally this Rule set will be used to class the US Navy Joint High-Speed Vessel and the US Coast Guard Deepwater Fast Response Cutters. This presentation summarises the approach to applying this tool on naval craft and addresses how the requirements fit together. In addition valuable lessons learned from the ongoing applications are presented.

Studies of the compass mechanisms involved in the migratory orientation of birds have revealed a complex web of interactions both in the development of orientation behaviour in young birds and in mature individuals exhibiting migratory activity. Here what is known about the development of compass mechanisms is synthesised in a framework of innate information and learning rules. The way in which orientation behaviour develops leaves open the possibility for plasticity that enables birds to compensate for the variability in environmental cues that form the basis of their compasses. For at least some components of the system behavioural plasticity remains into adulthood allowing the bird on migration to respond in apparently adaptive ways to spatial and temporal variability in orientation information that it may encounter while en route. These questions are studied in the Savannah sparrow a medium-distance North American emberizine nocturnal migrant. That species is focussed upon and the results of the work is related to relevant studies on others.