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Ship machinery system design is currently based on prescriptive type regulations embodied in SOLAS and on rules issued by classification societies. While these work well for designs that follow established design principles innovative design proposals call for new approaches to ensure system safety and integrity. It is argued that where first principles are applied in the design process first principles should also be used in assessing the safety of these designs. To address this a method is described that combines system analysis in the design process with safety analysis drawing on techniques such as HAZOP (hazard and operability studies) and FTA (fault tree analysis). Firstly a unified framework for the analysis of different types of flows is developed. This framework uses a common concept of failure classes. Secondly the original fault tree synthesis algorithm is extended to deal with complications caused in the traversal of the model by control loops and non-directed connections. Finally tool support is developed to enable experimentation with the proposed concepts. An example is presented to illustrate application on a typical system.

Salinity in Florida Bay is closely related to water management in South Florida. Over the last century water management activities have disrupted freshwater flows into Florida Bay affecting salinity conditions. The aim is to gather all the data available on salinity in Florida Bay into one database and make this data available to researchers and to the public via the Internet. This unified data source will help scientists to monitor the fragile ecosystem of the Everglades and to give better recommendations on water management in this area. The challenge of the project is in database design which will accumulate data collected by different groups of people who apply different methodology to data collection measuring equipment and techniques as well as different rules for data recording and formatting. The three major data sources available are: historical data; temporal ENP (Everglades National Park) data; and spatial USGS (US Geological Survey) data. Besides the aspects of database design implementation and maintenance issues are covered. The web application is also presented and this provides access to the data via the Internet in a convenient and intuitive way without special knowledge of the database query tools.

Although tubular structures are reasonably well understood by designers of offshore platforms, onshore applications often suffer from 'learning curve' problems, particularly in the connections, tending to inhibit the wider use of tubes. The intended users of this book are designers of offshore platforms, designers of significant onshore tubular structures, and engineers involved in formulating company guidelines for these applications. Chapter 1 gives an introduction to tubular structures, chapter 2 looks at the conceptual basis for the design rules, chapter 3 addresses the static strength of circular section joints, chapter 4 examines fatigue design, chapter 5 covers tubular connections involving non-circular sections, chapter 6 looks at special topics for circular section joints, chapter 7 examines special topics in fatigue and fracture control and chapter 8 covers the construction system.

The design of topside structures to resist hydrocarbon fires and explosions necessitates consideration of a range of issues not normally addressed by the designer. The work of FABIG (the Fire and Blast Information Group) is used to give an overview of the technical issues that need to be considered by a structural engineer when designing topside structures to resist fires and explosions. In particular the role of advanced and simplified methods is considered and the input requirements for these methods are discussed especially with respect to appropriate material data. The results are presented in a form that is usable by designers. The main areas covered are: elevated temperature material property design data for use in fire engineering; high strain rate material property design data for use in explosion resistant design; design methods based on codified rules and advanced techniques; developments in simplified analysis methods; outline of forthcoming FABIG technical notes.

As passenger ships become ever larger many authorities and operators have been forced to examine the stability and safety of the people on board passenger vessels including ROPAX and cruise ships. The design of these vessels has changed significantly. However prescriptive stability rules do not represent these developments. As a result the application of the IMO Weather Criterion for intact stability based on the effects of a severe wind and rolling to modern passenger vessels can result in requirements higher than the values that should be applied if correct parameters are used. The experimental study carried out by the Ship Stability Research Centre on the effect of Pod structure on roll damping and roll motion is presented. Results are presented and discussed and are followed by some concluding remarks.

One of the offshore wind turbines installed at Blyth in 2000 has been comprehensively instrumented to measure the sources of wind and wave loading and the resulting structural response. The monitoring system recently installed in Blyth is described along with the planned measurement programme. Also an overview is provided of the supporting study of shallow water hydrodynamics and reviews of design issues and certification rules for offshore wind turbines. After some background information a look is taken at the measurement system. Next hydrodynamic loading in shallow water is considered followed by offshore turbine design and certification.

Current fatigue design rules for girth welded tubes for offshore applications are believed to be over-conservative particularly for good quality welds made from only one side. In order to address this issue fatigue tests were performed under axial loading on large-scale girth welded tubes representative of tension leg platform (TLP) tendons and from small-scale strips cut from girth welded tubes or butt welded plates. The welds were made from one or both sides using a variety of mechanised welding processes. The results were used to compare the fatigue performance of one and two-sided welds to assess the influence of weld quality and joint misalignment to compare the fatigue performance of small-scale and large-scale specimens and to assess the applicability of current European and US fatigue design curves.

The use of FRP (fibre-reinforced plastics) in shipbuilding is becoming increasingly important. Fibre-reinforced thermosetting resin compounds are well established in the construction of yachts and of hulls of various craft used for commercial purposes. Elsewhere for example the construction of WIG (wing-in-ground effect craft) the structural requirements are still not fully established and the specification of requirements for verification procedures are not yet finalised. The first WIG for commercial use is currently undergoing classification. The verification concept which serves as a basis for draft guidelines for the use of FRP in the construction of WIG craft is described. This concept seeks to minimise verification efforts while ensuring an adequate level of safety. To achieve this it is recommended that the requirements for dimensioning materials and production methods as well as for inspections and periodical tests should be interconnected. The concept is based on a safety concept which takes into account failure effects. It incorporates safety and reduction factors matching the special properties of FRP. Further objectives are the formulation of dimensioning rules and requirements for inspections and periodical tests.

The 1966 International Conference on Load Line (1966 LLC) laid down rules for weathertight steel covers which have been refined by the classification societies. The design process should include primitive system demands key design considerations and principal design requirements such as strength security sealing and support. The sealing system should include the cleats horizontal restraints the seal the coaming compression bar and the drainage arrangements. The number of different parties involved in the supply of hatch covers may lead to decreased quality and other problems. In service defects are mainly caused by human error or inadequate maintenance. Remedial actions suggested include use of check lists.

The efforts of IMO in achieving the safe and environmentally sound transportation of bulk liquid chemicals are highlighted. After an introductory background the issue of what IMO can do and cannot do is clarified - IMO has no executive power. Next IMO's products the rules and regulations especially the chemical tanker legislation are looked at. In conclusion the view is expressed that when it comes to the necessary up-dating of international chemical tanker legislation IMO is on the right track and deserves support.

The proposed new SOLAS requirements for safe design of steering gear at present under consideration by IMCO are discussed. They support the single failure criteria and require a rapid recovery of at least 50% of steering gear after a single hydraulic failure. The three main types of steering gear Rapsen slide oscillating cylinder and rotary vane are described and methods of complying with the proposed rules by system duplication or by isolation of the failed section of the system are discussed. The design of steering gears to meet the regulations is considered according to vessel type. The separate problem of designing steering systems and autopilots to maximise fuel economy is also examined and is based on minimising rudder movement and controlling the speed at which it moves.

The main logistical characteristics of postal services are presented. Postal services involve domestic and international routing of postal items and can be divided into four phases: clearance sorting transport and delivery. The operations of postal administrations can be drastically improved using modern technology. The service is organised to guarantee regular fast and correct procedures of postal routing within Slovenia and abroad. However the methods rules and even sometimes the objectives may change. New technologies developed in individual PLC (Postal Logistics Centres) lead to a hierarchical structuring of the mail with increased concentration of activities in logistics centres. In addition new transport technologies have increased the efficiency of the postal institution. For postal transfers all a number of transport means are used. The logistical characteristics of postal operations during transfer of postal mail are presented. Future research is identified to set parameters in order to enable a more detailed treatment and analysis of logistical support to transfer of postal mail and parcels.

The history of chemical tanker design operation and regulation is traced from the 1971 Lloyds Rules to-date with particular discussion of: the increasing awareness of environmental and health hazards in the marine transport of bulk liquid chemicals; the development of safe standards and practices; the essential principles of cargo containment and damage survivability; and the methodologies of containment required by the IMO International Bulk Chemical Code (IBC Code incorporated in SOLAS 74). Illustrative examples are used to describe the design characteristics of modern chemical tankers particularly: chip arrangements; hazardous locations and their protection; cargo tank types; cargo handling systems; environmental control systems; cargo control systems; fire safety; hull structure and materials. Retrofit operational safeguards and regulatory compliance are also considered.

Extensive practical experience and research into the theory of tank design and construction has been assessed in support of proposals to increase the operational frame of the fully refrigerated gas carrier and promote cost effective construction by building special LPG tankers for extended flexibility. Discussions examine: market conditions and trading patterns for cargoes (LPG NH3 VCM NGL ethane ethylene naphtha) shipbuilding of fully refrigerated gas carriers with prismatic tanks and international rules pertinent to extended use of gas carriers); the design and classification of independent tanks (Types A B and C) according to the International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk (IGC Code); the selection of ship type (standard fully refrigerated tanker special fully refrigerated tanker and semi-refrigerated tanker); and a modern ship concept for large fully refrigerated vessels including technical aspects and cost structures for building and operation

The methodology used by Shell UK Coastal Fleet to determine its criteria and principles for generating company-approved-format berth-to-berth passage plans within an electronic chart display system (PC Marine's Navmaster Professional) is explained with details of- composition of the coastal fleet; Shell UK's Passage planning criteria; rules and considerations in constructing routes (loaded and ballasted vessels); draft procedure for the passage plans project; requirements of a passage plan; the Master's responsibility with regard to passage plans benefits and considerations for their electronic generation; anticipated problems; training; using Navmaster Professional to create waypoints criteria for their position; using waypoints to define routes and calculate passage plans; updating and maintaining the waypoints and routes. A demonstration route and example of Masters Standing Orders are included.

Computer performance modelling played a central role in the development of the America's Cup winner 'Stars and Stripes'. A brief history of recent developments in 12-metre yachts is given together with a short summary of the rules constraints and weather conditions that would govern the 1987 races. Results from hydrodynamic computations and model tests were combined in the VPP (velocity prediction program) to obtain sailing speed predictions for hundreds of candidate configurations. RMPs (race model programs) probabilistic and time domain simulations of races and race series were developed to combine VPP results and wind data into win-loss probabilities for pairs of yachts. Game theory played an important role in selecting optimum configurations based on win-loss probabilities and on partial knowledge of the Challenger and Defender fleets. As an illustration of how these tools were applied the final section reviews some of the technical input that resulted in the construction of four new 12-meter yachts leading to the winning design.

An exciting addition to the "Horrible Histories" series, these titles will tackle all the hot historical topics in a new full-colour format with durable cover. Beginning with the perennial favourite Pirates, Terry Deary reveals the terrible truth behind the lousy pirate legends and lies. So forget the brave heroes swinging from masts and the handsome young men sailing the seven seas for this is history as it's most horrible! Readers can decide who was the baddest of the bunch in the top ten of putrid pirates, discover why the women pirates were just as wicked as the men and learn to talk the patter of a Pirate. Plus there are foul facts on the ships they sailed, the punishments they suffered and the rules they lived by. Now the nasty bits are at your fingertips! 10 yrs+

This book presents practical design methodology for analysing stress effects in structural and mechanical components. Drawing on his extensive experience in engineering design, the author completely reviews this broad topic from the perspective of a practicing engineer who needs quick and accurate answers to day-to-day problems. This guide contains all the data, formulas, rules, calculation procedures, tables, and charts necessary for good design engineering practice. It begins with a refresher course in basic stress analysis and mechanics of materials. Then it goes on to review the design applications of elastic strain energy and stability, dynamic characteristics, thermal effects, and fracture mechanics. This material is followed by many new practical design equations as well as graphic aids not found elsewhere in the literature. An appendix of the principal stress and deflection equations gives the reader an overview of the entire spectrum of topics and formulas covered in this book.

It is becoming imperative that The Formal Safety Assessment (FSA) studies now being conducted for the development or upgrading of future Rules are based on systematic quality management principles to avoid a wide variation in the quality and conclusions from the FSA process. The five-step FSA process is considered suitable for application of the "process approach" as per ISO 9001:2000 requirements. This application of the Quality Management Standard would ensure that the quality objectives of each of the Steps are identified and attained through use of appropriate techniques and data by the FSA team. The paper presents a proposal for the application of the above quality management methods to the FSA procedures using a 'process approach'. Typical 'Process Flow Diagrams' for the various steps of FSA process along with the quality parameters are included in the paper. A proposal for internal validation of an FSA application prior to submission to the decision makers is also covered in the paper.

A review of classification societies' changing role in light of their past functions and current demands. Topics include quality assurance applied to classification societies harmonisation of practices qualified classification societies standards and classification costs ship management certification structure of aged oil tankers and bulk carriers and high tensile stools for ship structures. Positive points are the societies' competitiveness internationalisation uniformity of rules through IACS and active participation with IMO. Recent problems include standard-lowering competition amongst each other financing through shipyards and owners which undermines independence and overlapping IMO and government regulations.