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The book begins by outlining the background to safety before reviewing approaches to its treatment. The fundamental basis of assessing safety is then given via the safety case approach. The next five chapters deal respectively with hazard identification, risk assessment, risk reduction, emergency preparedness and safety management systems. Explanations of these elements are supported by the example of an everyday situation associated with the safety of a city centre apartment, which is taken forward through the five stages. A chapter is devoted to addressing the role of human factors, and this involves examining the definition, practical uses and human error. In the two chapters that follow a special formal safety assessment and the International Safety Management Code are critically reviewed before four important safety features are considered. These last are the challenges I understanding safety, developing a safety culture, the role of education and training and a positive way forward. Contents include: Introduction; Treatments of Ship Safety; The Safety Case Approach; Hazard Identification; Risk Assessment; Risk Reduction; Emergency Preparedness; Safety Management Systems; The Role of Human Factors; Application of the Safety Case Approach; Formal Safety Assessment; The International Safety Management Code; Other Important Safety Features

In 1991 the Secretary of State for Defence instigated a fundamental review of procedures and responsibilities for ensuring that the operation of defence equipment is not hazardous to the operator or the environment. As a result a safety case must now be prepared approved and implemented for each new vessel before acceptance into service. The safety management system (SMS) comprises the following elements: a safety case safety targets a safety plan monitoring and control systems and safety certification. Deterministic design justification (DDJ) and probabilistic safety assessment (PSA) methods are complementary and a whole ship safety case requires the use of both. Personnel safety assessment environmental safety assessment and hazard identification and analysis process are also discussed. When working on multinational defence projects the following need to be considered: the use of internationally recognised standards agreement of the division between DDJ and PSA and agreement on the application of ALARP principles. The role of the independent safety auditor (ISA) is also discussed.

Int conf held at Glasgow September 7 - 9 1983 Papers are Lloyds register approach to ship safety A challenge to structural failures in ships Safety and the Commonwealth of Australia Navigiation Act Safety of offshore platforms - classification rules and lessons learned Development of reliability based structural design criteria for tension leg platforms The role of the department of trade offshore Development and operation of fishing vessel safety centre for New England fisheries Safety at sea through manoeuvring standards LNG carriers - safety in operation Some collision and grounding considerations for refrigerated gas carriers Drifting disabled ships and offshore installations The prediction and practical measurement of ship squat in shallow water Safety aspects of heavy duty semi submersibles Simulation in marine activities Assessment of damage in offshore steel platforms Probabilistic analyses of environmental loading and motion of a tension leg platform for reliability based design Safety factor evaluation for cylindrical components of floating platforms in extreme loads Compressive strength of stress relieved ring stiffened cylinders including local damage How safe are design codes The tilt problem in semi submersibles A shipbuilders view of safety An effective method for treating the stability of marine vehicles Fishing vessel stability and safety Broaching - a note on some of the factors involved Prospects for a "rational" approach to marine safety Marine safety in cold regions Structural studies for increas safety A brief history of some recent ship accidents Profiting from losses Ship safety - the role of the consultant Investigation of threX40895 Marine and offshore training - can they be reconciled? D Doig CONFP

The main purpose of this book is to improve the understanding of safety from fundamental considerations and to assist with the application of safety management in practice. Contents include: what is safety?; safety assessment methods; prescriptive regulatory approach to safety; maritime regulations and their application; understanding key safety terms; safety case approach and maritime industry; management system and safety; generic management system (GMS) for safety; The GMS approach and the safety case concept; Hazard identification techniques; Risk assessment – qualitative and quantitative methods; risk reduction; emergency preparedness; human factors and safety; safety culture; leadership, teamwork and safety management; important safety issues; summary of key safety issues addressed.

Conf held 12-13 October 1993 in London UK. Papers are - The impetus from legislation The Community's contribution as regards safety and health in the context of completion of the internal market - the social point of view Assessment of a company for safety and minimisation of losses Quality risk and safety The role of human factors and safety culture in safety management Managing professionally Company strategy for the management of safety New technology - the implications for management Safety and new technology in aviation - providing the regulatory framework Management responsibility for the safety of software Safety management of the Sizewell B project Legal consequences of accidents - managing the product liability issue The management of safety and emergency planning Crisis management and a corporate response organisation

The IMO Code of Safety for High Speed Craft (HSC Code) was introduced in 1996. The impact of the code on safety and economics is discussed in particular the introduction of new regulations which have not apparently added to safety. It is concluded that adopting formal safety assessments would assist in the development of new regulations and in a review of existing ones. Absolute safety is unachievable but this approach would help to achieve acceptable safety levels at reasonable cost.

The major activities of the Independent Safety Auditor (ISA) include: reviewing the safety management plan endorsing statements of categorisation of risk carrying out technical review and audit carrying out independent analysis maintaining auditable documentation and endorsing safety statements and safety cases. The trend across industry sectors for more safety legislation has been mirrored by the UK Ministry of Defence (MoD) culminating in the requirement for all new Royal Navy ships to have a full safety case. HMS Ocean is the first ship to have this requirement; the role of the ISA in auditing and endorsing her safety case is described.

According to the Merchant Shipping (Safety Officials) Regulations, all ships of all classes must appoint seagoing safety personnel, who will be responsible and review all aspects of safety affecting their ship. This book is a survey of the whole scene and gives the understanding of the build-up over the years of Acts Regulations, Codes, etc., all devoted toward safety aspects. Contents include: Safety and Health Policies; Legislation; The Health and safety at Work Act, 1974; The Merchant shipping acts and regulations; The duties of safety officers; The duties of safety representatives; The safety Committee; Accident Prevention; Accident Investigation; Accident Reporting; Behaviour motivation; Protective clothing and equipment; Hazardous substances; Manual handling; Lifting tackle; Noise.

The US National Transportation Safety Board's efforts to improve coastal safety and its most recent study on recreational boating safety are discussed. Firstly some background on the Safety Board and it role in safety is provided. Next some figures relating to incidents in 1992 and 1991 are looked at. The Board independently investigated three recreational accidents in 1992 in which a total of 13 people died. Some examples of typical recreational boating accident scenarios are given showing a high incidence of alcohol involvement and a minimal use of personal flotation devices (PFDs). The Safety Board's views on PFDs and other safety measures are described.

Fourth int symp held in London December 13 - 14 1978 Papers are The role of the ship surveyor in promoting safety The training of tanker crew and officers Radar simulators - how shore based navigation instruction has improved safety at sea Medical care and welfare of the crew Voyage planning and bridge team training Satellite navigation systems - reliability and safety Maintenance management with particular regard to automatic equipment on ships Automation on the bridge - its advantages Automation and safety at sea Automated systems for safety and fuel

Contents: General provisions; Safety of the vessel; Navigation; Safety on deck; Safety in fishing operations; Safety in machinery spaces and of mechanical equipment; Health, hygiene and safety in galleys; Special safety precautions; Fire precautions and fire-fighting; Shipboard facilities for personnel; Abandoning vessel, survival and rescue; Health and safety.

The Health and Safety Executive's (HSE's) Offshore Safety Division is actively encouraging the submission of NO SURPRISES safety cases and is attempting to build a constructive working relationship with each duty holder based upon mutual trust understanding and openness. The framework now in place is a goal setting one designed to keep pace with changing circumstances new knowledge/understanding of hazards/risks offshore and advances in technology. Firstly the Assessment Principles for Offshore Safety Cases (APOSC) are looked at. Next the new Safety Case Regulations (SCR) guide is discussed.

Conf held in Rotterdam Netherlands 1-5 June 1992. Papers are - Marine safety and environment - shipowners view and responsibility The view of a classification society on the changing shipping scene Marine safety and environment - the view and role of Royal Netherlands Navy Shipbuilding in Europe - quality and competitiveness - globalization - regionalization Safety and environmental protection in the port and industrial zone of Le Harve Economical aspects of safety a rational approach Clean harbours by cleaner production Do standardized ships improve safety - a shipbuilders viewpoint Safety of tailor made vessels - the ultimate container carriers Hydrodynamic aspects of marine safety The effect of safety on men machine and regulations Vessel traffic management systems Safety in ship design Safety of chemical tankers Safety of bulk carriers

Symp held in Hamburg 5 - 9 Dec 1977 Papers are Todays great paradox - the wealth of the seas and the shipping crisis Philosophy and safety requirements for land based nuclear installations An NEA confrontation to the safety of nuclear ships The international state of affairs in marine safety Development of a nuclear ship safety philosophy Application of risk assessment to nuclear merchant ship safety Port interface requirements Ship accident studies A mathematical model for the analysis of the protection barrier of nuclear ships Effects of ship casualties on reactor safety and marine reactor design Conclusions from collision examinations for nuclear merchant ships in the Federal Republic of Germany Flooding and sinking of nuclear merchant ships Heat removal from the reactor pressure vessel to the surrounding seawater in case of sinking A role for probabilistic methods in nuclear ship safety Safety studies on loca for N S Mutsu Development of accident event trees and evaluation of safety system failure modes for the nuclear ultra large crude carrier Start up test and technical problems encountered on N S Matsu N S Otto - non destructive retesting (in service inspection) Engineered safety equipment and safety analysis of NCS-80 Handling loss of coolant accidents in the IPWR In service inspection programme for the NCS-80 reactor pressure vessel

After some background information the key safety issues relating to small craft are highlighted. Next the existing approaches to treating safety are reviewed. This is followed by a safety management methodology for small craft being proposed which is made up of two components of safety culture and and safety techniques. Examples are given to illustrate the use of the methodology.

Recommendations to improve ship safety include a Safety Case (Formal Safety Assessment) for every ship trading commercially to be reviewed every five years. A major part of the Safety Case is a risk analysis study from which possible improvements in ship and human reliability can be identified. Accidents can be prevented by procedures designed for safety prediction and safety management. Specific safety prediction methods include: HAZOP studies FMECA (failure modes effects and criticality analysis) FTA (fault tree analysis) ETA (event tree analysis) cause-consequence analysis and human error analysis. It is essential to provide information to ships' crews to prevent accidents occurring; this may be achieved by the provision of an Engineering Information System

The term safety case approach has not been uniformly interpreted by the shipping industry. The safety case concept has four key elements - the safety management system (SMS) hazard identification risk assessment and reduction and emergency preparedness. Two features which differentiate the safety case concept from other approaches to safety are the setting of safety goals to be achieved and the determination of risk levels by quantitative and qualitative methods. Problems of relating the safety case concept to ships include the need for international agreement.

FSA (formal safety assessment) is a structured and systematic methodology aimed at enhancing maritime safety by using risk and cost- benefit assessments in developing rules. How DNV (Det Norske Veritas) uses the FSA methodology to enhance the quality of their rule making is described. The focus is on an overall safety philosophy as well as on practical examples of how they link the safety philosophy to prescriptive regulations.

Conf held 29 October 1992 London UK. Papers are - Safety a function of leadership and continuous improvement European safety legislation from 1993 Offshore legislation - the current and future position Safety offshore - a trade union viewpoint Training operators and contractors for a united safety front Effects of major explosions and fires on offshore structures Practical approaches to drilling safety Safety management systems - the objectives Safety audit - a case study

The determination of target safety levels to be applied for limit state design of offshore pipelines is considered. Safety levels are established on the basis of implied safety in currently accepted design practice accounting for the nature of failure and actual consequence potential. This is done by relating the failure consequence and hazard potential to certain safety classes and types of limit states. A pipeline in operation is normally divided into the near platform zone (high safety class) and off platform zone (normal/low safety class). The safety limit concept definition assessment of implied safety and recommendations of appropriate target safety levels for offshore pipelines are discussed.