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Basic principles of the intercooled and recuperated (ICR) marine gas turbine WR-21 developed by Westinghouse/Rolls-Royce for the US Navy are discussed with particular attention to its implications for future warship design in respect of: weight of machinery and fuel; space requirements installation considerations and arrangements; operational capabilities; maintenance and manning; and costs.

The escalating costs of US technology used in regional military conflicts is coinciding with projected reductions in the defence budget. In addition the new technology puts more demands on manpower and training. Upgrading advanced digital ship control technologies with automated ship systems technology may be a solution to balancing the budget. The evolution of control systems for ships is discussed in detail and the requirements of a navy at war are described. Automation systems that offer reduced manning and lower life-cycle costs are then discussed in terms of navigation systems mission planning threat decision aids damage control and condition-based maintenance. The availability of enabling technologies is highlighted

Evolving water quality standards and NPDES Discharge Permit limits require improved control of water pollutants associated with maintenance of Navy ships in drydock. During the 1992-1993 NNSY (Norfolk Naval Shipyard) experienced significant problems in meeting NPDES limits for its drydock discharges ultimately resulting in the issue of a Consent Special Order by the state of Virginia demanding action to achieve compliance. An extensive effort undertaken by Norfolk Naval Shipyard is described in which the processes and materials present in drydocks were analysed to identify the key potential pollutant sources and to develop the standards procedures process controls and support resources necessary to gain an acceptable level of control over these pollutants.

The HMS Brecon a mine countermeasure vessel (MCMV) of the new Hunt class built for the Royal Navy by Vosper Thornycroft is described. She features extensive use of glass reinforced plastics (grp) extruded polyethylene foam and aluminium alloys to give her non-magnetic properties and low maintenance costs. Propulsion is by a low-magnetic signature diesel engines specially developed by Ruston Paxman with either bridge or local manual control. Auxiliary power mine-sweeping equipment and principle particulars are also described.

The Canadian Navy has been at the forefront in applying distributed digital control to warship propulsion systems. The idea of machinery control systems has now grown to platform control systems and beyond and this is now reflected in new generation warship and commercial ship designs. The use of plant operating data as the management tool is an area yet to be really explored. The state of human-machine interface design is looked at. The operations/maintenance linkage is discussed.

The Royal Netherlands Navy will reduce is number of frigates replacing them with PS (Patrol Ships). Their operations tasks will differ substantially from those of a combatant. Consequently SEWACO systems and manning are tailored to meeting these new threats and operational environment. Although not as visible as the SEWACO-systems marine-engineers have seized this opportunity to investigate and introduce new concepts and systems. Leading features of the platform design are low running costs easy maintenance and compliance with new regulations. Notable features are the integrate mast the RHIB slipway the hybrid propulsion configuration a new helicopter transfer system platform automation water mist fire fighting ballast water treatment and a Membrane Biological Reactor.

Flooding Casualty Control Software (FCCS) was developed by the US Navy and the US Coastguard to provide stability assessment during both intact and casualty conditions. The essential role of FCCS is to proved the Damage Control Assistant (DCA) with the ability to maintain and report all of the variable load items to evaluate stability and compare it against stability limits and criteria to recommend suitable courses of action for the crew and to provide operational guidance to avoid further stability degradation. The development and operation of the software application is discussed including load maintenance damage input stability calculation methodology and output. FCCSWIN is under development to run under the Windows95/WindowsNT operating systems. Ongoing research and development efforts include: hull structure survival system (HSSS) real time stability status (RTSS) and advanced stability algorithms (ASA).

Processes tools and technologies are presented that are being applied to US Navy platforms to reduce manpower requirements whilst improving sailor and total ship performance. Improvements in damage control engineering maintenance and combat operations are also addressed including issues of common displays decision-making training and war-fighter performance feedback. The application of human performance and workload modelling to ensure that requirements are addressed with reduced crew sizes including the total crew model being used in DD (X) and related efforts with CVN-21 LCS (littoral combat ship) and modernisation of the surface combatant fleet are discussed. Organisational structures and measures which are being put in place to ensure that ships meet human performance standards for deployment are addressed.

The Canadian Navy currently operates the CS (Victoria Class Submarines). There are four submarines in the class of which 'Victoria' is one. The main objective here is to discuss the 'Victoria's' EDWP (extended docking work period) currently being undertaken by FMF CB (Fleet Maintenance Facility Cape Breton). FMF is a government-owned strategic asset and not a civilian contractor yard. It is made up of government civilians in Victoria BC Canada 'Victoria' Class Submarine support strategy monitoring evaluation development and support to the VCS platform. The secondary objective of this paper is to discuss the long-term class plan for the third level support of the 'Victoria' class in support of a sage fully combat-capable Naval platform.

The current status of the US Navy's design and development programme for the WR-21 intercooled recuperated gas turbine engine is described with details of: the project team (Westinghouse Marine Division Rolls-Royce Allied Signal and CAE Electronics); concept design; principles of operation: detailed design with description and analysis of engine components; validation and testing; construction of prototype engine; and the final full engine system testing schedules (on-going at CDNSWC Philadelphia USA and at T&EE Pyestock UK). Particular attention is paid to the "maintainability by design" approach adopted in support of US Navy I-Level Maintenance policy.

Navies around the world are increasingly aware of the need to prove to the public and politicians that their submarines are safe - both for their crews and for the environment. The trouble is that only the world's biggest navies have the personnel and know-how to test the safety of their submarines in service or any new buildings and check the quality of maintenance work. The solution is to put the quality assurance process in the hands of a classification society. That is exactly what the South African Navy did. As a result Germanischer Lloyd announces the world's first submarine to receive a Certificate of Class. The benefits of classing a naval submarine are highlighted and the experience made with classing the first naval submarines is reported.

CBT is a modern way of training that increases retention by up to 50% or more and reduces training time to almost half compared to traditional classroom training. The Simulation Programmes for Computer Based Training Frigate 124 installed at the German Navy Technical School (Marinetechnikschule Kiel) since July 2001 are covering the operation and maintenance procedures for special systems of the Frigate. The Simulation Programmes lead the students through a series of training sessions. After some background information a look is taken at this approach from the concept to the simulation. This is followed by a brief comment on the experience of this system and its good result.

During the pre-design phase of a naval vessel the configuration of the propulsion and energy system which best suits the tasks and operating profile of that vessel is selected. In order to facilitate the quick analysis and evaluation of several propulsion and energy system concepts using no more input than the limited data available in the early design stage the simulation tool GES (General Energy Systems) has been developed. The working principles of GES and its component library are described. To demonstrate the application of GES the pre-design of the propulsion and energy system of the new hydrographic research vessels for the Royal Netherlands Navy is discussed. Secondly in-house NOx research is presented on existing engines. The data collected from this research is used to improve the GES model on exhaust emissions. Finally a comparison is made between gas turbines and diesel engines for naval applications including their maintenance philosophies this leads to a cost comparison for the two types of engines.

This paper reviews the development of the Northrop Grumman/Rolls-Royce WR21 marine gas turbine and its efficiency to today’s and future marine power systems. The method of achieving radical fuel and maintenance savings are outlined highlighting the significant overall reduction in cost of ownership. The scheduled entry of the engine system into military service with the Royal Navy is presented and the strategy that was used for testing and qualifying the engine is reviewed and explained. The WR21 is equally well suited to both mechanical and electrical power systems and both applications are assessed. The consequences of the adoption of large gas turbine alternator systems to marine power systems is considered and issues such as the quality and stability of power supplies and electrical system design implications are discussed.

Corrosion found over recent years in Royal Navy ships is discussed and the nature of the corrosion layer is considered. Laboratory investigation of corrosion in the absence of water and by turbine oils is described and the effect of additives and the corrosion mechanism are outlined. Beaker and flask test procedures were developed. Results presented indicate that lubricating oil water and bearing metal interact to produce tin oxide bearing corrosion. Beneficial antioxidant and rust inhibitor additives corrosive nature of EP additives and active corrosion prevention by mild EP turbine oils 8 and 11 are discussed. Recommended elimination of water from system or maintenance of chloride free system and beneficial nature of relatively small changes in alloy composition namely addition of cadmium are reported.

The Television Observed Nautical Grappling System (TONGS) remotely operated vehicle assists Navy subsea operations requiring a heavy-lift capability in high-current waters up to 8000ft deep). The development and evolution of TONGS from an underwater camera system called the MONSTER up to the latest third-generation vehicle is described. The latest operational version of the TONGS was developed and constructed in 1991 and named the Corrosion Resistant TONGS (CR TONGS). The 316L stainless steel version minimises corrosion maintenance and has a shorter frame allowing easier access to equipment and pressure vessels. The thrusters were replaced by large electric trolling motors. TONGS III design specifications are summarised with TONGS and the flyaway vehicle a modified DOE Phantom HE designed to operate in tandem or as stand-along systems.

The way in which the Royal Netherlands Navy (RNLN) is using the variety of system concepts possible with integrated electrical energy systems onboard ships is reviewed. The reasons why energy and propulsion systems will become further integrated in the future are outlined. The importance of a functional analysis is demonstrated as well as the differences between this type of analysis and the system breakdown structure. The energy concept forms a firm basis to describe direct mechanical and all electric concepts with the same type of block diagrams. In order to facilitate the analysis of integrated and complex energy systems during the pre-design stage of ships a specific computer program was developed - GES - Geintegreerde Energie Systemen - Integrated Energy Systems. Models for energy transformation weight and dimension cost and reliability and availability and maintenance costs are described. The NATO study Maritime Operations in the year 2015 (MO2015) and in particular the input to the Future Reduced Cost Combatant study (FRCC) is an example of a project where a structured approach to conceptual design is being applied to a complete platform.

DMS (Defence Maritime Services) was incorporated in 1997 and began by supporting the RAN Port Services and Support Craft operating and maintaining a fleet of small and large vessels. In December 2003 DMS in alliance with Austal Ships was contracted as prime to provide the design construction delivery and through-life support of the new Armidale class patrol boats for RAN (the Royal Australian Navy). DMS began the Customs vessels maintenance contract in early 1995. The approach taken by DMS to develop ship and support system designs is described. It provides an overview of DMS and service company led project management. Both the Navy's Port Services and Support Craft and Armidale Class patrol boats have forged new frontiers in the working relationships between the department of defence and contractors as it is the first time that a specialist support company has been tasked with all aspects of design construction delivery and through-life support on an outcomes basis. The focus here is on the design and integration of the commercial approach to integrated logistic support systems within complex client organisations using the DMS experience with the patrol boats and port services examples.

The CHP (Civil Hydrographic Programme) is one part of the UK strategy for delivering valid source data for the maintenance of British Admiralty charts and associated publications. Under the CHP commercial survey companies such as Gardline compete for surveys of pre-defined areas on the UK continental shelf of typically 450 nm2 area. The CHP surveys are carried out and supervised according to Royal Navy standards based upon IHO S-44 using single-beam echo sounder side scan sonar and magnetometer as primary survey sensors. In August 2002 the MCA commissioned a review called 'Project 500' to investigate whether introduction of multi-beam echosounder technology and next generation side scan sonar systems could challenge traditional survey techniques and instrumentation to better deliver data that is fit for the purpose. Gardline Surveys were contracted to carry out a series of trials using Kongsberg Simrad EM3000 MBES (multi-beam echo sounder) and Edgetech's 100 kHz MP-X multi-purpose digital side scan sonar system. The main purpose was to objectively determine whether these new technologies had a part to play within the CHP by assessing their performance for bathymetric data acquisition and object detection in typical UK survey coastal conditions. A secondary objective was to evaluate the multi-beam system for carrying out wreck investigations as an alternative tool to the accepted methods of SBES (single-beam echo sounder) side scan sonar and mechanical wire-sweep. The survey systems were tested over a variety of seabed terrains and sea conditions including the deployment of a purpose-built 2 m steel cube deployed on the seabed andX31851 Project considerations for LNG receiving terminals with CCGT power plant